（五）以产地，发明者或者作者代替产品或作 品。
We had to carry bottles of very expensive cologne ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnd we constantly sprayed him down .
我们不得不带上几瓶非常昂贵的科隆香水，并 不断地把他彻底喷得香喷喷的。
（六）以所在地代替人物、事物、机构、组 织 The wall Street definitively has more say in their policy making. 华尔街在政府制定国策中肯定有着重要的 发言权。以世界第一大金融中心的所在地华 尔街（ wall Street ）指代美国”金融界，金 融市场，大财团“。华尔街一词成了美国金 融垄断资本的代名词。
（三）用资料，工具代替事务的名称
He chose a gun instead of a cap and gown.
他选择了当兵，而没有继续求学深造。
分别以gun指代career of being a soldier,以cap and gown“方顶帽和黑长袍”（the customary clothes worn for graduation from a high school or university ,consisting of a long black gown and a cap with a flat, square top）指代higher learning.
（二）用人体部位或器官指代人的品质，才能， 特征等。
If there is any bad blood in the fellow he will be sure to show it. 如果这个人心里有所怀恨的话，他一定会流 露出来。 以 “血液”(blood)代替strong especially unpleasant feeling ;temper.
1. Don’t let your heart rule your head.
2. We had dinner at ten dollars a head.
• head—sense metonymy • head—person synecdoche
Allusion
Allusion refers to some person or event, either historical or fictional, that has dramatic and vivid connotation and is often used in speech and writing. Allusions generally result from fairy tales, myths, legends and fables, the Bible, famous literary works, historical figures or events.
uses

用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓：
His Majesty(陛下)→a king or the name of the king(国王或国王的姓名)
His Honor(阁下)→a judge or the name of the judge(法官或法官的姓名)
Iron Chancellor(铁血宰相)→Bismarck(俾斯麦)

Shylock Caesar Utopia an
Uncle Tom
Antonomasia
An antonomasia is a figure of speech that involves the use of an epithet or title in place of a name, and also the use of a proper name in place of a common noun .
（七）用具体的事物代替抽象的概念
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. 我没有什么可以奉献,只有热血,辛劳,眼泪和汗 水。 句中的blood, toil, tears, sweat分别代替 sacrifice, sympathy, and hard work.
the
The poor creature could no longer endure his sufferings.(creature – man )
the
He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs. (bread – food)
Metonymy or Synecdoche?
（八）以抽象的概念代替具体的事物。
1、In the present instance ,it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.
在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望病人和穷人。 以抽象的”疾病与贫困“代替 the sick people and the poor people .
Several types
（一）用容器的名称来代替所盛的东西 Who holds the purse rules the house. 有钱就有势。 这里的房子不是一般意义的“房子”（house）， 而是美国国会的参众两院 the House of Representatives and the Senate. 以“房子”代替 the power in the parliament ; 以“钱包”（purse）代替the money in the purse.

用专有名词代替普通名词:
a. 源于宗教或神话 Solomon(所罗门)→ a wise man(聪明人)
Judas(犹大)→ a traitor(叛徒)
Helen(海伦)→ a beautiful woman(美女) b. 源于历史(antonomasia from historical source): Hitler(希特勒)→a tyrant(暴君) Milton(弥尔顿)→a poet(诗人)
c. 源于文学作品(antonomasia with literary sources):
Kangaroo →Australians Romeo →a male lover
The Difference Between Antonomasia And Metonymy
Antonomasia
换称中的专有名词来自三种渊源： 宗教、古代及当代的历史和文学。
part
for whole
There are two mouths to feed in my family. (mouth = person)
the
whole for the part general for the specific
specific for the general
Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match. (country – team)
2、You daughter is quite a beauty.
令爱确是一名佳丽。
以抽象名词”美丽“代替beautiful girl.
Classification & differentiation
• Synecdoche
• Allusion
• Antonomasia
synecdoche
a type of figure of speech can be included in metonymy and it refers to the substitution in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the general for the specific, the specific for the general, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion, section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).
（四）用典型实物代替职业或从事该职业的 人
Bob was promoted from the gray-collar to the white-collar in the shortest time . Bob 在不长的时间内就从灰领提升到白领 。 人们以着装特征来表示不同的职业阶层，以graycollar指代 western workers carrying out maintenance work (在西方社会从事维修的工 人)；以white-collar指代 office workers (从事文 秘级实物方面工作的雇员).
Metonymy(借喻)
BY CAROL
Definition:
Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of the other or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a change of the name , the substituted name suggesting the thing meant.
来源于民间故事、传说、民间习俗、神话、历史上的 著名事件，或是某个地名的典故。 Meet one’s Waterloo: Waterloo was the scene when Napoleon was totally defeated by Duke Wellington.suffer a decisive or final defeat or setback.一败涂地，遭遇滑铁卢 来源于一些历史书上或文学作品中的故事和人物。 Gone With The Wind: Something that disappears into thin air. Mr. Bean: An eccentric(古怪的） yet good-natured（和 善的） trouble maker. 来源于佛经、圣经等宗教书上的故事、人物、礼仪等。 Drink water of gall（喝苦胆水）：喻指自食苦果，或 过非人的生活。 Rule with a rod of iron(用铁杖)：采用高压手段，铁 腕统治