2016年Passage oneParents are on a journey of discovery with each child whose temperament, biology, and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wake pattern. It can be frustrating when children’s sleep habits do not conform to the household schedule. Helping the child develop good sleep habits in childhood takes time and parental attention, but it will have beneficial results throughout life. An understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children will help alleviate any unfounded concerns.Maintaining a sleep diary for each child will provide the parents with baseline information in assessing the nature and severity of childhood sleep problems.observant patents will come to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist or intensify.一对父母发表了一篇关于孩子的性情（temperament：predisposition）、生理以及睡眠习惯会导致不一样睡眠-觉醒模式。
当孩子的睡眠习惯不能遵从(conform to 遵从)家庭的规划时间睡眠是很困惑的一件事情。
帮助孩子养成好的睡眠习惯，需要花费时间和父母的操心，但好的睡眠习惯对孩子终生受益。
了解孩子典型的睡眠周期可以减少父母的无端犹豫，坚持为每个孩子写睡眠日记，能够提供最基本的信息，用来评估孩子睡眠问题的本质和严重程度。
善于观察的父母就能够意识到异常睡眠的困惑所在或那些持续睡眠异常或严重的问题。
Developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in thesleep-wake cycle and in the type and frequency of parasomnias that may interrupt sleep. Medical consultation to rule out illness, infection of injury is prudent if the child’s sleep problems prevent adequate sleep and result in an ongoing sleep deficit. As reported by news-medical in Child Health News,children’s sleep problems should be taken seriously as they may be a “marker” for predicting later risk of early adolescent substance use. In the same article.University of Michigan psychiatry professor kirk Brower, who has studied “the interplay of alcohol and sleep in adults” stressed that “the finding does not mean there’s a cause-and –effect relationship.”童年时间发育的变化会引起睡眠周期和类型的变化，频繁的睡眠异常会困扰睡眠。
如果儿童睡眠问题阻止了充分的睡眠和导致进行性睡眠匮乏，需要就诊于医院谨慎的排除疾病以及感染的损伤引起。
在Child Health News报道医疗新闻称儿童睡眠问题应该被重视，它可能是少年时期体质多病的“预警”。
美国的Brower教授写了一篇相同的文章，他研究了成年酒精和睡眠的相互影响，强调他发现两者之间并不是因果关系。
1.Parasonmials异睡症2.Prudent 谨慎的；精明的；节约的3.Adolescent 青春期4.interplay相互影响consultation with child psychologist may be helpful if frighteningdreams intensify and become more frequent as this may indicate a particular problem or life circumstance that needs to be changed or one that the child may need extra help working through.如果孩子做噩梦的程度和频率恶化，可能表明有特殊问题或者需要改变生活环境，或者遇到了需要额外帮助才能应对的问题，这时可能还需要咨询心理学家。
Most childhood sleep disturbance will diminish over time as the brain matures and a regular sleep-wake cycle is established. Parental guidance is crucial to development of healthy sleep habits in children.随着大脑的成熟，多数儿童睡眠困扰都会消失以及规律的睡眠周期的建立。
在儿童期在建立良好的睡眠习惯父母的指导是非常重要。
61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for their children63. When there exists a “marker” in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us in thethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit. Passage twoThe united states and England each has a major –and unique-health- care challenge, according to a study comparing the health of senior citizens in the two countries. The study, conducted by researchers from RAND Corporation in the united states and institute for fiscal studies in the united kingdom, found that disease and health disorder incidence was higher among U.S. senior citizens, but mortality rates were higher among Englishseniorcitizens.按照美国和英国老年人研究对比，这两个国家面临着重要和特殊的挑战，这项研究主要有美国的兰德公司和英国的财政机构参与的，发现在美国老年人的疾病的发生率和患病率明显高于英国，但是死亡率却明显低于英国。
Americans aged 65 and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their Englishcounterparts and more than double the rate of cancer. Nevertheless, death rate among Americans 65 and older lower.美国65岁以上的老年人患糖尿病概率是相应年龄英国人的2倍，并且癌症的发生率也大于2倍，然而，美国65岁以上老人的死亡率却比英国人的低。
“Americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer,”says James Smith, a study co-author. He attributes the U.S. health problems to lifestyle factors, including poor eating habits and inadequate exercise. Americans tend to eat much larger servings of food, forexample, there is what I call an American plate. When we go to a restaurant, it’s plate I can’t even eat any more. It’s a plate with so much food on if it’s even appealing to me. 一个共同研究者认为美国“患者小病不断，寿命不短”，包括不良的因素习惯和缺乏锻炼，美国人倾向于吃大量食物，例如，我们称之为的美国人的盘，当我们进入餐厅时，那种多食物我是吃不下的，如果食物没有足够好吃的话。