二现实Twain,James,Emily Dickinson,Dreiser(自然主义,三代表,历险记,贵妇人,黛西,三部曲,嘉丽)一:现实主义时期界定:The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism .二:历史文化背景:The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism .American had transformed itself from a Jeffersonian agrarian community into an industrialized and commercialized society .The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization .Polarization of the well-being started to show up ,with the poor poorer and the rich richer .三:文学特点:The Realistic period is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature ,especially American fiction ,from the 1850sonwards .Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions .四:现实主义与自然主义的异同:Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic .It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality ,or to human existence .五:自然主义:The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism :American naturalism .Artistically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language ,lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure .philosophically ,the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual ,or beyong his control. 六:重要作家:①Mark Twain 马克吐温作品及内容：H.L.Mencken considered he“the true father foor our national literature”.His Roughing It describes a journey that works its way farther and farther west through Navada to San Francisco and then to Hawaii .Life on the Mississippi tells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot ,this time up and down the Mississippi .The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys .里程碑Adventures of Huckleberry Finne is a boy's book written for the adults ,and Hemingway describedit“all modern American literature comes”.人物刻画及语言风格:Mark Twain is the most famous local colorist , ,it concerned with the life of a small ,well-defined region or province .his humor characterized by puns ,straight-faced exaggeration ,repetition ,and anti-climax ,let alone tricks of travesty and invective ,is remarkable .In Adventures of Huckleberry Finne 解析:Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head ,between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape .Huck's final decision--to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality .Setting :he used the Mississippi valley as his fictional kingdom ,writing about the landscape and people ,the customs and the dialects of one particular region ,and is therefore known as a local colorist ;Characters :he creats life-like characters ,especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn ,who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality ;Language ;it is the kind of colloquial language belonging to the lower class ,the living local American English .②Henry James亨利詹姆斯:国际标准考虑职业，1876定居伦敦，1915加英国籍:His career is devided into three periods .代表作:The Portrait of A Lady ,whichincarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in a European culture environment .艺术特色:The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of a young American man or girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny .And his fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions ,so he is regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century“steam-of-conscioueness”novels and the founder of psychological realism .The literary techniques innovated by James to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative“point of view”.Outlook :it is both concerned with form and devoted to human values ,He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him ,even the disagreeable ,the ugly and the commonplace ,The artist should be able to“feel”the life ,tounderstand human nature ,and then to record them in his own art form .《黛西米勒》解析:Published in 1878,Daisy Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe ,a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World .However ,innocence ,the keynote of her character ,turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures .③Emily Dickinson 狄金森：文学生涯:She wanted to live simply as a complete independent being ,and so she did ,as a spinster .开始于in the early 1850s .共写了1775首诗，但生前只有7首发表了。