Unit One1. the entire previous history of humankind (人类）2. due principally (chiefly) to3. to rescue (save) civilization from4. the dread (fearful) shadow of diseases5. the conscience (觉悟）and concern of scientists6. driving forces (动力）7. to advance (promote) health8. the amplification (增大）of virus9. tissue culture (培养）10. killed and live attenuated (减弱）vaccines11. national immunization (免疫）days12. monitoring (监测）methods13. worldwide eradication (elimination) of polio14. little reason for complacency (自满）15. microbial (微生物）enemies16. temporary (暂时）victories17. be adept (skillful) at developing new defenses18. to facilitate (使便利）the spread of epidemics19. political and economic mismanagement (管理不善)20. the deprivation (poverty) of population21. to address (deal with) the largest disease burden22. major scourge (灾祸）such as malaria and AIDS23. in an interdisciplinary (跨学科的)way24. talented (有才能的）young scientists25. to underwrite (support) their mission26. stunning pace (speed, rate) of change27. potential, passion, and perception (洞察力）of scientists29. to address (attend to) global health needs30. to make deliberate (慎重的）use of it31. to bear (keep) in mind that 32. strategically (战略上）placed on33. the scientific underpinning (基础）of policy34. evidence-based (循证）policy35. policy setting (establishment)36. to bear on (影响）the well-being of people37. a(n) terminally ill patient (临终病人）38. metastatic (转移）renal cancer39. our beloved (热爱的）profession40. our zeal (enthusiasm) for medical science41. bedside (clinical) care42. to conduct groundbreaking (突破的）research43. a(n) noble (崇高的）calling44. a(n) oral formulation ( 口月服制剂）of morphine45. bone metastasis 转移）46. radicular (根的）pain47. spinal (脊柱）root48. to counsel (忠告）the terminally ill patient49. to reflect upon (反省）my profession50. caring and compassionate (有同情心的）51. chemotherapeutic (化疗的）agents52. to shower their patients with genuine (true) love andcompassion53. emotional and physical (身体的）support54. dignity (尊严）and compassion55. combination (cooperation) of physicians and nurses56. to attend to (address, meet, satisfy) the physical28. need to be tapped (explored) needs of sick57. the bureaucrats (官僚）and administrators58. the inflated price tag (物价上涨）59. precious (very, extremely) few60. the threat of litigation (诉讼）61. an ethical, legal, and economic consensus(agreement)62. to allocate (分酉己）these resources63. to pass health care legislation (立法）64. assembly-line mentality (理念）65. unethical in the extreme (极度，非常）66. the application of scientific inquiry (investigation)67. to die naturally and humanely (人道地）68. inauguration (就职）speech69. to garner (acquire, obtain) more support70. to venture (go) beyond71. the walls of the ivory tower (象牙塔）72. a more entrenched (deeply rooted) obstacle73. Up service (口惠）74. a(n) innovative (革新的）program75. a growing nucleus (核心）of76. between academia (学术界）and industry77. the messy fray (争论）of democracy78. the scientific community (科技界）79. a(n) chaotic (混舌L的）realm80. a(n) enlightened (文明的）citizenry81. politicians and lobbyists (说客）Unit Two1. the acquisition (获得）of knowledge2. a(n) prized (珍贵的）commodity3. the role of breadwinner (家庭支柱）4. the family boarding (供膳宿的）house5. (勤劳地）industriously generated profits6. Dad' consistent (一贯的）message7. extracurricular (课夕卜的）activities8. a(n) avid (渴求的）reader9. glowing approbation (称赞）10. distinctly different flavors (韵味）11. a(n) academic (教学的）physician12. to delight in (热衷于）learning13. to need a(n) reminder (提示）14. collegial teasing (逗乐）15. at the crack of dawn (黎明）16. to smile graciously (和蔼地）17. in a very heavy accent (口音）18. nostalgic (怀旧的）reminiscence19. the privilege (特权）of learning20. reverence (respect) for knowledge21. a frustrating and inefficient (低效率的）process22. to assemble (收集）paper charts23. to become intimately (深深地）aware of24. a young, enthusiastic, idealistic (理想主义的) person25. a(n) compassionate (有同情心的）clinician26. to employ that knowledge reliably (可靠地）27. to immerse (沉浸）myself in the hospital28. jam-packed (crowded) emergency departments29. primary (初级的）prevention30. extraordinary (极度的）waste31. to remedy (correct) these problems32. insightful (有见识的)teachers and colleagues49. accelerate (力口快）the redefinition of science 26. 33.miraculous (奇迹般的）tools 10. to bestowed (赐予）thegift of prophecy 34.to orchestrate (coordinate) conversation and 11. the camaraderie (同志情谊）ofmaking musiccooperation35. interdisciplinary (交叉学科的）teamwork 36. the medical establishment (system) 37. untapped (未汲取的）resource 38. to channel (弓 1导）the energy into 39. exuberant (精力旺盛的）practitioners 40. disparities (差异）of quality 41. health care settings (环境）42. introductory (入门的）science course43. the distinguished (杰出的）committee of scientists 44. natural phenomena (现象） 45. active inquiry (exploration) 46. quality assessments 评估） 47. to explicitly (明确地）measure48. to energetically (积极地）advertise and explaineducation50. to need urgently (急迫地）Unit Three 1. a(n) general (普夕卜）surgeon 2. specialty (专科）surgeons 3. a(n) plastic (整形）surgeon 4. a hospital administrator (行政人员) 5. to review a(n) untimely(过早的）death 6. to reprimand (训斥）a disgraced colleague 7. medical consultation (会诊）8. the melding (combining) of music and medicine 9.a(n) gifted (有天赋的）musiciantogether12. a time capsule (时光锦囊） 13. a(n) theme (主题）party14. in the seasonality (季节性）of medical practice 15. the cruelest hoax (戏弄） 16. blossoms (生气盎然）of rebirth 17. child abuse (儿童虐待） 18. to become prevalent (盛行的） 19. domestic violence (家庭暴力） 20. psychiatric (精神病的）symptoms 21. to share similar concerns (忧虑） 22. to approach (treat) music as therapy23. entertainment (娱乐）value24. to remove one inner (内心）restlessness25. to quiet the agitation (anxiety) of ceaseless thinking thereduction of psychophysiologic (心理生理的） stress 27. on a(n) therapeutic (治疗的）level 28. the harried (被烦扰的）left hemisphere 29. the limbic system (大脑边缘系统） 30. pitch and rhythm (节奏）31. to have alternative (可选择的）plans 32. bodily (physical) health 33. enrichment (充实）of the spirit34. nostalgic (怀旧的）foray into the music of the 1940s 35. to add balance to one ' existence (生存） 36. the harmonies (和声）and rhythms 37. statistically (统计上）significant38. anniversary (周年纪念日）dinner candles39. the diagnoses that reek (散发出）frustration40. the rule out (exclude) fibromyalgia41. a free-flowing account (叙述）of her symptoms42. to resort to (诉诸）the last refuge43. the harried (被烦扰的）physician44. the wind-driven sleet (雨夹雪）45. the capricious (变化莫测的）nature of the events46. the conspiracy (阴谋）of machinery47. near the edge (边缘）of tolerance48. to restore equanimity (镇定，平静)49. a service profession (occupation)50. poorly articulated (expressed)51. to succumb to (die of) melanoma52. bone metastases 转移）53. to ease (relieve) the loneliness, fear, and emotionalsuffering54. to have unrealistic (不切实际的）expectations55. a(n) attentive (专心的）,understanding ear56. the currency of the realm (领域里的流行）57. the medical interview (问诊）58. to notice my heart pounding (beating)59. the feel of sweat on one foreheads(前额）60. a(n) triage (病人鉴别分类）sheet61. grumbling (饥肠辘辘的）stomach62. racism and hatred (仇恨）63. aches (疼痛）and pains64. billing sheets (账单）65. primary physician (初级保健医生）66. to access (use) the computer67. periodic (定期的）checks68. to shrug one ' s shoulder耸肩）Unit Four1. with the advent of (随着 ...... 的到来）2. become laden with (full of)3. corporate (公司）management4. to articulate (voice) age-old frustrations5. forward-thinking and laudable (值得称赞的）concepts6. preventive interventions (介入）7. reparative (治疗的）interventions8. those in pinstripes (商人）9. conceptual (观念的）constructs10. ostensibly (obviously) because11. allied (同行的）health professionals12. routine (常规的）medical care13. to carry a(n) connotation (含义）of14. integral (组成部分的）components15. to give the advantage of (有利于）16. to diluting (稀释）identification17. the recipient (接受者）of medical care18. to endure (忍受）pain calmly19. the vernacular (jargon) of managed care20. more literally (确切地）21. to provide an impetus (动力）for22. of a(n) Faustian (浮士德式的）nature23. society in general (整个社会）24. to serve a(n) nominative (称谓的）function25. too obtuse (迟钝的）to declare openly26. as accurately (精确地）as possible27. the jargon (vernacular) of managed care28. in the final analysis (总之）29. to make a(n) career of (以.......为事业）30. to acquiesce (默许）the shifting currents31. the timbre (基调）of the debate32. to stretch (extend) myself toward the model33. seemly, fitting, and decent (正派的）34. to increase consistency (一致性）of record keeping35. to decrease the cost of transcription (抄写）36. on a(n) whim (一时的兴致）37. to leaf through (翻阅）records38. the terse (concise) language39. between tidy and almost illegible (难以辨认的）40. a(n) reproducible (可复制的)a n d less personalformat41. to stir (使激动）and touch me42. peripheral neuropathy (神经病）43. a mind jumbled and bruised (被挫伤）44. with my own slant (观点）on things45. to scratch one'head (感到困惑）46. to decipher (decode) what I really meant47. loopy (潦草的）handwriting48. hospice (临终关怀）volunteer49. to make eye contact (眼神交流）50. behavioral (行为的）disturbance51. have the right to privacy (隐私）52. depressive disorder (忧有P症）53. a(n) concrete (具体存在的）plan54. to voice (articulate) grievances55. without discrimination of reprisal (报复）56. the newspaper obituary (计告）57. outrageous (不寻常的）acts58. everyday rebellious (反抗）Unit Five1. annual (yearly) meeting2. especially timely (in time)3. harsh (严厉的）penalty4. scientific illiteracy (ignorance)5. unprecedented (前所未有的)financial and policysupport6. the general citizenry (公民）7. to hold scientists in high regard (respect)8. the integrity (honesty) and credibility of science9. a(n) spate of (大量）recent incidents10. research accomplishments (研究成果）11. the implications (影响和结果）of scientificdiscoveries12. substantial (巨大的）tension13. religious (宗教的）beliefs14. embryonic (胚胎的）stem cells15. scientific advances (进展）16. a high priority (当务之急，头等大事）17. a(n) genuine (真诚的）dialogue18. inappropriate (improper) behavior19. out of proportion (不成比例）to20. widely publicized examples (广泛报道的事例）21. scientific misconduct (不端行为）22. accusations (指责）of misconduct23. to tarnish (站污，败坏）the image24. to diminish (降低）the credibility of25. the entire scientific enterprise (事业）26. undisclosed (未披露的）conflicts of interest27. to overinterpret (夸大其词)scientific facts28. scientific behavioral norms (规范）and standards29. allegorically (比喻地）speaking30. to listen for clues (evidences) of disease31. to look for signs of pathology (病理）32. bloodshot (充血的）eyes33. to no avail (无济于事）34. blunt chest trauma (创伤）35. mutual partings of the way (分道扬镳）36. declared (公然的）and naked hate37. medicolegal (医学法律的）liabilities38. in imminent (immediate) danger39. in the ideal and neutral configuration (处境）40. to update (更新）him on his condition41. to order serial radiographs (系列X 光照相检查）42. to obtain daily arterial (动脉的）blood gases43. to follow hematocrits (血细胞比容）44. a broken, ailing (病态的）,and sorry soul45. surgical intervention (介入）46. shell of prejudice (偏见，歧视）47. intellectual (理智的）isolation48. to accept consolation (安慰）49. legend has it (据传说）50. a(n) inscription (铭文）bearing the words51. to uncover (reveal) truths52. odd scraps (零碎）of evidence53. the paucity (lack) of data54. gender (sex) roles55. the combustibility (易怒性）of the interface56. to steer clear of (avoid)57. under the unifying framework (框架）58. human behavioral ecology (生态学）59. to pursue (explore) similar questions60. the ethnographic (人种学的）data61. outdated (obsolete, out-of-date) versions62. mathematical (数学的）analyses63. to foster (nurture) dialogue between 64. highly interconnected (互相连接的）cities65. diverse (distinct, different) areas of research66. to deliver (传递）an optimistic message UnitSix1. successive (相继的）generations2. functionality and versatility (多用途）3. added (附加的）functionality4. moral (道德的）standards5. ethical (伦理的）principles6. behavioral (行为的）guidelines7. a long and arduous (艰巨的）evolutionary process8. social discord (不和谐）9. to make improvement (改进）10. remote ancestors (祖先）11. the evolutionary (进化的）tree12. solitary (独居的）predators13. a(n) extended family (大家庭）14. wandering (居无定所的）bands15. a(n) embryonic (萌芽期的）Golden Rule16. the physical environment (物质环境）17. parental supervision (监护）18. the practice of monogamy ( 一夫一妻制)19. verbal symbols (语言符号）20. ancestral primates (灵长类）21. Homo sapiens (智人）22. archaic (古代的）humans23. in extreme (极端的）cases24. think in abstractions (抽象）25. in critically (vitally) important ways26. to populate (定居）the habitable world27. formed confederations (同盟）of tribes28. to multiply explosively (剧增地）29. on a(n) grander (large) scale30. trade and commerce (商业）31. cultural markers (标识）32. conventions (社会习俗）in dress and manners33. the basic template (model)34. kingdoms and empires (帝国）35. the time frames (时段）36. at the dawn (拂晓）of a new millennium37. galloping (飞速的）technological change38. to facilitate (promote) cooperation39. fully explored an defined (被定义）40. our archive (档案）of past experience41. fore-thinking (超前意识的）imagination42. a date with immortality (流芳百世）43. natural riches (resources)44. common kinship (亲属关系）45. to have a social dimension (aspect)46. noble ambitions (抱负）47. a(n) fiercely (激烈地）competitive world48. impartial (无偏见的）consideration49. pretexts and apologias (辩解）50. the scientific enterprise (事业）51. to pay particular heed (attention) to52. social implications (consequences)53. the scientific endeavor (effort)54. trust in authority (权威）55. mores and prejudices (偏见）56. objective and reliable (可靠的）57. a(n) stern (strict) restraint58. communal (collective) will59. fertility (受孕）clinics 60. to create quite a stir (轰动）61. a(n) affront (冒犯）to human dignity62. those on the fringes (极端分子）63. with credentials and track records (业绩）64. to pioneer the use of (首先使用)65. reproductive (生殖的）biology66. surrogate (代孕）mums67. adoption (领养）agencies68. a(n) joJi (刺激）of electricity69. a(n) staggering (惊人的）97 per cent70. a(n) reckless (鲁莽的）waste of time and energy71. miscarriages or abortions (堕胎）72. sickly of deformed (畸形的）73. the sole (only) survivor74. wrong instincts (直觉）Unit Seven1. the scientific triumphs (accomplishment)2. the past millennium (千年）3. to honor (敬重）the origins of science4. to give grateful (感激的）thanks to5. a(n) magical (神秘的）view6. in concrete (具体的）terms7. rational (理性的）argument8. a natural mode (pattern) of thought9. to be beautifully illustrated (举例说明）10. to have the honor (荣幸）of11. the opposite angles (对角）12. the centre of gravity (重心）13. to arrive at (reach) a proof14. an elegant rebuttal (反驳）15. applied (应用）mathematician16. vigorous (激烈的）debate and discussion of evidence17. the admiration (赞赏）of one'peers18. to challenge authority (权威）19. to point out forcibly (强烈地）20. debt and credit (借贷）21. political disputes (争论）22. social castes (等级）23. national boundaries (国界）24. philosophical distinctions (辨另1J)25. in the philosophy bz_(圈子）26. a dichotomy or a(n) continuum (连续体）27. mental constructs (构想）28. highly abstract (抽象的）things29. to spill much ink over (花费大量笔墨）30. autonomous (独立自主的）individuals31. dress codes 规范）32. at one'core (核心）33. the interaction of individuals (个人）34. primary (基本的）sensations35. the end of the scale (标度终点）36. a highly vociferous (激烈的）debate37. in circles of philosophy (在哲学圈里）38. be wet blankets (令人扫兴的人）at parties39. abstruse (深奥的）conditions40. chemical composition (成分）41. at the cutting edge (前沿）of science42. genetically modified (转基因的）crops43. to make headlines (成为报纸的头条新闻）44. the influential (有影响的）climate researcher45. to strike a balance (达到平衡）46. the justifiability (合理性）of animal experiments47. celebrity endorsement (support)48. to make assertions (claims)49. eminent (著名的）researchers50. to sign a(n) declaration (宣言）51. an impressive rejoinder (rebuttal)52. to trace (追溯）the origins of53. to engender (produce) trust54. the imprimatur (recognition) of the scientific academy55. in the refereed (审阅的）literature56. lobby groups (游说集团）57. to place a clear obligation (responsibility) on58. to substantiate (prove) it with evidence59. in all probability (很可能地）60. intellectual authority (权威）61. to provide invaluable weight (重量）of evidence15. to be skewed (偏离）by the prism of past experience 42. 62. the reliable (可信的）outcome 63. toxicity (毒性）testing 64. to toss a coin (掷硬币决定） 65. authority figures (权威人士） 66. scientific credibility (可信性）67. expensive and time-consuming (耗时的） 68. intellectual integrity (honesty) Unit Eight 1. the theory of relatively (相对论） 2. thinking strategies (策略） 3. to illuminate (阐明）nothing 4. the piles of data (成堆的数据） 5. run-of-the-mill (ordinary) physicists 6. extraordinary (非凡的）genius7. a(n) extraordinarily (异常地）high IQ 8. considerable debate (argument) 9.average (平均的，普通的）intelligence10. to fixate on (注意力集中于）something11. the most promising (likely) approach 12. to be arrogantly (傲慢地）certain of 13. to find a needle in a haystack (大海捞针） 14. to be encountered (遇上）a problem 16. to foster rigidity (僵化）of thought17. superficially (浅薄地）similar18. to lead the thinker astray (误入歧途） 19. a gene pool (基因库）20. genetically encoded (编码的）wisdom21. a rich repertoire (collection) of ideas and concepts 22. to survive and prosper (蓬勃发展）23. to become stagnant (停滞的）24. the most distinguished (卓越的）experts 25. to be conditioned (制约的）to think 26. a(n) expert (专家）taxonomist 27. the textbook case (典型例子）28. analogous (可比拟的）to biological evolution29. a rich diversity of alternatives and conjectures (假 设） 30. a(n) departure (背离）from reproductive knowledge 31. a(n) prodigious (immense) variety of novel and original ideas32. a(n) thumbnail (简略的）description33. to be biased (有偏见的）toward his usual way of seeingthings34. the essence 实质）of the problem 35. to abandon (抛弃）the initial approach 36. a(n) environment-friendly (环保的）fuel37. to make his thought graphically (通过图表）visible 38. visual and spatial (空间的）abilities39. immense (huge) productivity40. the laws of heredity (遗传）41. to make juxtapositions (并置） to tolerate ambivalence (矛盾心理）between opposites 43. two incompatible (不兼容的）things44. to perceive resemblance (similarities) 45. to draw a(n) analogy (类比）46. to render an overwhelming verdict (裁定） 47. a cultural icon (偶像）48. a rather fuzzy (模糊的）understanding49. the vastness (浩瀚)of the universe50. previously held unquestionable (无懈可击的)51. to cast (投）doubt on52. the reliability (可靠性）of the investigators conclusions53. the origin (起源）of genius54. to yearn for (desire) genius55. the intermingling (mix) of culture, history, and lifeexperience56. a history dating back to (追溯到）Plato57. to think the reverse (相反）58. to govern (control) all organic life59. an interacting hierarchy (order) of feedback systems60. communities and ecosystems (生态系）61. intellectual intuition (直觉）62. to face strong opposition (反对）63. a(n) doctrinal (dogmatic) viewsUnit Nine1. of ultimately lawful materialism (唯物论）2. as concisely (简明地）as possible3. organizes systematic enterprise (事业）4. to condense (压缩）the knowledge5. testable laws and principles (原理）6. diagnostic (特征的）features7. confirmed or discarded (rejected)8. to abstract (抽象化）the information9. aesthetically (审美地）most pleasing10. universally (普遍地）accepted scales11. rendered unambiguous (明确的）12. proved consistent (一致）with one another13. ineradicable (根深蒂固的）technical base14. to satisfy (meet) personal psychological needs15. to consume (take) large amounts of time 16. to yield (produce) negative or ambiguous results17. administrative (行政的）duties18. original (原创性的）research19. no holds barred (无清规戒律约束）20. the frontier (前沿）of science21. a(n) abstracted (抽象化的）world22. the mother lode (矿脉）23. to practice elitism (精英主义）without shame24. to set foot on virgin soil (处女地）25. interpretation (阐释）and explanation26. a scattering of icons (偶像）27. a great deal of bickering (口角，争端)28. a loose confederation (联邦）29. petty fiefdoms (封地）30. to hope for a strike (意外成功）31. the least conspiratorial (搞阴谋的）of professions32. the population at large (大众）33. from generous to predatory (贪婪的）34. (from) well-adjusted to psychopathic (精神变态的）35. (from) causal (散漫的）to driven36. (from) gregarious to reclusive (隐居的）37. clinically certifiable (可证明）38. from venal (贪污腐败的）to noble39. in the temple (殿堂）of science40. to achieve utilitarian (功利的）ends41. convincingly validated (verified/proved)42. to steer (驾驶，航行）for blue water43. to suffer boredom (单调）44. under varying (changing) circumstances45. statistical (统计的）analyses46. to reject null (无价值的）hypotheses47. a(n) reputable (声誉好的)peer-reviewed journal48. to be indissolubly (坚不可摧地）united49. a(n) whiz-kid (outstanding) professor50. a(n) obscure (无名气的）journal51. to stiffen a slightly floppy (weak) argument52. class or creed (宗教信仰）53. organized skepticism (怀疑态度）54. social conventions (习俗）55. mundane (世俗的）practice56. publish or perish (死亡）57. to cite generously and meticulously ( 一丝不苟地)58. to fudge (捏造）data59. to vilify (贬低）out opponents60. personal credibility (可信性）61. driven, shaped and honed (被磨练）62. to humbly (谦虚地）accept realities63. social imperatives (obligations)64. competitive ambition (desire)65. a(n) obsolete (out of date) ethos66. to maximize (最大化）pleasure67. to minimize (最小化）pain68. to laud (称赞）a desirable personal characteristic69. to avoid complacency (自满）70. to be wired (conditioned) to respond positively。