上海市七宝中学2020-2021学年高三下学期摸底考试英语试题II. Grammar and VocabularySection A“Kill the fool!”“Murder the referee!”“Tear them apart!”These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they (21) ______ (make), they may seem innocent enough. But let’s not kid(22) ______. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. V olumes(23) ______ (write) about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) (24) ______ cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior.I see the term “opponent” as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent”is “enemy”, one who opposes your interests. Thus, (25) ______ a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’s request (26) ______ a time out for a glove change. The player screamed in anger and then struck the referee hard on the face.In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences (27) ______ such a move might have hurt anyone. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent’s illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude (28) ______ (depart) from normal behavior.Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated the game to the level (29) ______ it belongs, in order to set an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term “opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start.The dictionary meaning of the term “associate”is “colleague”; “friend”; “companion”. Reflect upon (30) ______ I have said for a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent”.Section BReading as part of writingOne of the techniques of writing successfully in an academic environment is to be able to combine the important points of what you have read with your own writing. To do this, you must have a clear picture of what you have read, and this in itself will 31 active and focused reading. With academic reading, it is necessary to focus constantly on what the author is saying. Yet many academic texts are 32 written in unfamiliar ways, which make them much more difficult to manage than, for example, a novel or a magazine article.Although sometimes there may be reasons why you need to skim-read an article or book, this is likely to be only to get the general idea of what is being said, as a way of deciding whether it is 33 reading material or not. In general, skim-reading is not a particularly useful strategy for a student, but you may well be used to doing this in other contexts, for example, skimming through a newspaper article or surfing the web. Instead of skim-reading, you will be developing ways of concentrating on quite dense texts and making 34 of them.Even though you may only be reading for short 35 of time, it is likely that you will have to concentrate far more intensely on academic reading material than, for example, when reading for pleasure. You don’t necessarily have to work in the library, but you will need to decide what type of location and atmosphere suits you best, and establish conditions that are 36 to effective study.The 37 difficulty that most students face is choosing their reading. The first thing to do is to 38 the reading list you have been given for books and articles that seem relevant to your particular assignment. Doing a library search, by key words or subject, is also useful if the 39 on your reading list are already on loan from the library. Your tutor should also be able to advise you as to which are the most relevant 40 or websites.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AIt used to be that people were proud to work for the same company for the whole of their working lives. They’d get a gold watch at the end of their 41 years and a dinner featuring speeches by their bosses praising their 42 . But today’s rich capitalists have regressed (倒退) to the “survival of the fittest” ideas and their loyalty extends not to their workers or even to their 43 but only to themselves. 44 giving out gold watches worth a thousand or so dollars for forty or so years of work, they grab tens and even hundreds of millions of dollars as they sell for their own profit the company they may have been with for only a few years.The new rich selfishly act on their own to 45 grab the wealth that the country as a whole has produced. The top 1 percent of the population now has wealth equal to the whole bottom 95 percent and they want more. Their selfishness is most shamelessly 46 in downsizing and outsourcing (外包) because these businessmovements don’t act to create new jobs as the founders of new 47 used to do, but only to cut out jobs while keeping the money value of what those jobs produced for themselves.To keep the money machine working smoothly the rich have bought all the 48 from the top down. The president himself is constantly leaving Washington and the business of the nation because he is invited to “49 dinners” where persons of importance pay a thousand or so dollars a plate to 50 their way into government not through service but through donations of vast amounts of money. Once on the inside they have both political parties busily 51 all the regulations that protect the rest of us from the greed of the rich.The middle class used to be loyal to the free enterprise system. In the past, the people of the middle class mostly tho ught they’d be rich themselves someday or have a(n) 52 to become rich. But nowadays income is being 53 more and more unevenly and corporate loyalty is a thing of the 54 . The middle class may also wake up to forget its loyalty to the so-called free enterprise system and the government which governs only the rest of us while letting the corporation do what they please with our jobs. As things stand, if somebody doesn’t wake up, the middle class is on a path to being 55 all the way to the bottom of society.41. A. prospective B. productive C. promotional D. proportional42. A. honesty B. efficiency C. decency D. loyalty43. A. stockholders B. personnel C. equivalents D. trainees44. A. Apart from B. As for C. Instead of D. Regardless of45. A. unfairly B. unintentionally C. unbearably D. unexpectedly46. A. expanded B. extended C. expressed D. exerted47. A. services B. fields C. careers D. industries48. A. millionaires B. politicians C. businessmen D. celebrities49. A. policy-reforming B. money-making C. fund-raising D. merry-making50. A. launch B. push C. insist D. arouse51. A. tearing up B. conforming to C. defending against D. breaking down52. A. method B. resolution C. opportunity D. technique53. A. divided B. delivered C. deposited D. distributed54. A. current B. past C. norm D. future55. A. dismissed B. deceived C. downsized D. distractedSection B(A)Le Corbusier had drawn up his Parisian scheme at a moment of unequalled urban crisis. Across thedeveloping world, cities were exploding in size. In 1800 the French capital was home to 647,000 people. By 1910 three million were squeezed within its inadequate confines. In apartment buildings, several families typically shared a single room. In 1900, in the poor districts of Paris, one toilet generally served 70 residents. A cold-water tap was a luxury. Factories and workshops were sited in the middle of residential areas. Streets were choked by traffic day and night.Le Corbusier was horrified by such conditions. ‘All cities have fallen into a mess,’ he remarked, ‘The world is s ick.’ Given the scale of the crisis, measures were in order, and the architect was in no mood to feel sentimental about their side effects. ‘The existing centres must come down,’ he said, ‘To save itself every great city must rebuild its centre.’ In order to alleviate overcrowding, the ancient low-rise buildings would have to be replaced by a new kind of structure only recently made possible by advances in concrete technology: the skyscraper. ‘2,700 people will use one front door,’ marveled Le Corbusier.By building upwards, two problems would be resolved at a stroke-overcrowding and urban sprawl. With room enough for everyone in towers, there would be no need to spread outwards and absorb the countryside in the process. There would be enough green space as well, as up to 50 per cent of urban land would be devoted to parks. The new city would itself be a vast park, with large towers dotted among the trees. On the roofs of the apartment blocks, there would be games of tennis, and sunbathing on the shores of artificial beaches.Meanwhile, Le Corbusier planned to transform the city street system. He recommended that the two be separated. In the new city, people would have footpaths all to themselves, winding through woods and forests (no pedestrian will ever meet an automobile, ever!), while cars would enjoy massive and dedicated motorways, with smooth, curving interchanges, thus guaranteeing that no driver would ever have to slow down for the sake of a pedestrian.The division of cars and people was but one eleme nt in Le Corbusier’s plan for a reorganization of life in the new city. There would no longer be factories, for example, in the middle of residential areas. The new city would be an arena of green space, clean air, adequate accommodation and flowers.56. What did Le Corbusier think of the Paris which he lived in?A. It was turning on a new look.B. It was in completely disorder.C. It was developing very slowly.D. It was in a severe financial crisis.57. The word “alleviate” (in paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ______ .A. causeB. relieveC. worsenD. understand58. According to Le Corbusier’s scheme, what would happen in Paris?A. There would be more room for pedestrians than vehicles.B. More people would choose to live in suburban areas.C. Enough space would be spared for sports in parks.D. Areas of different functions wouldn’t be mixed.59. What is the passage mainly about?A. The original form and the malfunction of Paris.B. Some historical facts and future prospects of Paris.C. An architect’s plan to rebuild the central part of Paris.D. What people suffered from in the crowded city of Paris.(B)Memory expert Professor Jemima Gryaznov answers your most common questions about memory.1. ____________We remember the things that have strong connections in our mind, especially emotional connections. Childhood memories are often very emotional: we experience things for the first time so we have strong feelings of fear or excitement. Retelling events also helps to fix them in our memories and interesting or funny stories from our childhood are often told again and again!2. Do some people really have a photographic memory?It is well known that some people have an extraordinary memory. Daniel Tammet, for example, can remember the first 22,500 digits of pi and Stephen Wiltshire can draw a detailed picture of a city from memory after flying over it in a helicopter. However, neither Daniel nor Stephen have a photographic memory. They are good at remembering particular things for a limited time. A person with a photographic memory could remember every detail of a picture, a book or an event many years later. No one has yet proved that they have a photographic memory in a scientific test.3. Is computer memory better than human memory?That depen ds on what you mean by ‘better’! Information in a computer is stored in separate pieces. Human memory is stored in a different way. Each piece of information is connected to many other pieces. That’s why a particular smell can bring back memories of a holiday or a person. The problem with human memory is that it is messy and not very accurate. The p roblem with computer memory is that it can’t make connections between pieces of information—it isn’t creative.4. I’m 24. Is my memory getting worse?Not yet, but it will do soon. Our memory reaches its full power at the age of 25. At that point we can remember up to 200 pieces of information a second. After this age, however, the brain starts to get smaller. By the age of 40 we are losing 10,000 brain cells every day. By middle age our memory is significantly worse than when we were young.5. Is it possible to remember early childhood?Scientists used to believe that it was impossible to remember very early childhood, but recent research shows that babies are much cleverer than we previously thought. Some people really can remember being a baby. Others, however, remember nothing before the age of five or even ten!60. Which of the following questions best fits the blank in the passage?A. What can we do to improve our memory as we grow older?B. Can childhood memories help us remember what has happened recently?C. How do we establish emotional connections with our childhood experiences?D. Why can I remember events in my childhood but not what happened last week?61. What can we learn about photographic memory?A. Only some of us can benefit from it.B. There is no reliable evidence that it exists.C. We cannot acquire it without specialized training.D. It enables us to remember details in a limited time.62. Which of the following statements is True according to the passage?A. In most cases information is separately stored in human memory.B. Human’s ability to memorize things declines as the brain gets smaller.C. Computer memory is better than human memory from many perspectives.D. Whether we can remember our early-childhood needs more scientific research.(C)For many health-conscious people, bread is a little slice of hell. Shelves of multigrain loaves—or friends passing around sourdough (酵母面包) starters and attaching the word artisanal (手工艺性的) to the ancient combination of yeast (酵母), flour and water—have led consumers to believe whole grain bread is healthier than industrial white bread. That trend has made for a lot of expensive sandwiches.Fortunately, a new study by researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science is here to cut through the confusion. In the study, published in Cell Metabolism, researchers randomized 20 participants to consume eitherprocessed white bread or artisanal whole wheat sourdough in order to compare the effects of each on the body.Before the study started, all participants consumed the same amount of white and nonwhite bread for several days. Then each group ate, on average, at least 100 grams of bread—three to four slices—per day for one week. After a two-week break, the groups switched types for another bread-laden week. The total amount of calories the participants consumed remained constant the duration of the study.The researchers were surprised by what they found. “There were no clinically significant differences between the effects of these two types of bread on whatever we measured,”said computational biologist Eran Segal, senior author of the study in a statement. Those measured included glucose levels upon waking, fat and cholesterol levels, the amounts of essential minerals in the bloodstream and several indicators of tissue damage. Segal and colleagues examined 20 variables and found not one notable difference between the white bread eaters and the artisanal bread eaters. The key finding: It wasn’t that both breads had no effect on the body. Rather, they both did equal damage. As it turns out, half the participants had a higher glycemic response to industrial white bread, and half had the higher response to artisanal sourdough bread.The researchers also found that which bread was best for you can be predicted based on the bacteria present in your body. They found that the “profile”—the variety of bacterial species—correlated with the glycemic (血糖) response to each bread. The small size of the study means the results should be considered preliminary. The researchers hope to study these predictors more carefully as a potential way to improve nutritional recommendations, says biologist Avraham Levy, another study co-author.In short, the study provides vital evidence that we need to stop judging each other in the supermarket bread aisle.63. Why does the author use “fortunately” at the beginning of the second paragraph?A. The study is conducted by researchers specializing in food and nutrition.B. The study can deepen people’s understanding of the advantages of yeast.C. The study has made great breakthroughs in finding what matters in bread.D. The study shows you needn’t spend so much money on wholegrain bread.64. What can be concluded from the study mentioned in the passage?A. Both white bread and nonwhite bread may do harm to our health.B. People respond similarly to white bread but differently to nonwhite bread.C. White bread and wholegrain bread produce no immediate effect on the body.D. White bread eaters and artisanal bread eaters report different body responses.65. The findings need more research because of ______ .A. the theory they are based onB. the number of participantsC. the method of the experimentsD. the duration of the study66. Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with?A. It’s better to stick to ancient ways of making bread.B. Supermarkets should label the bread that may do harm.C. There is no need to choose bread due to its ingredients.D. Bread must be free of bacteria for the sake of our health.Section CBad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. ______67______ By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sad stories.“The ‘if it bleeds’rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “______68______ But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative. ______69______ Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on New York Times’ webs ite. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. ______70______ The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Why Things Catch On.”IV. 71. Summary WritingLiving to 100Since the mid 1950s, life expectancy around the world has increased dramatically, and many scientists believe that this trend is likely to continue in the future. The main reason for the increase during this period was the decline in infant mortality (死亡). Fewer children died at an early age, and this was mainly because of improved healthcare and better food production.Most experts believe that people will continue to live longer in the future because of medical advances. Researchers predict that at least half of the North American and Japanese babies born since the year 2000 will live to an age of 90, and ten percent to 100 years old. Furthermore, new drugs are being developed which will slow down the ageing process. These will be available in a few years, and they will enable people to live 20 years longer.If the current older populations in many countries become healthier, wealthier and live longer, the trend will have important consequences for people and governments. The cost of medical care for older people will rise, and governments will have to start thinking hard about how to fund state pensions for older citizens. Some people will want to keep on working later in their life, which could lead to changes in the age of retirement in many countries. Others would prefer to retire early to enjoy having more time for themselves. This will create business opportunities for companies in the leisure and entertainment industries and open up new segments of the market. T he effect on the world population will be great. Europe’s population has been in decline for several years now as people prefer to have fewer children and families tend to be smaller. However, “the population will not decline as anti-ageing drugs start to become widely available”, as an expert on population, Professor Shripad Tuljapurkar, says in his recently-released book.V. Translation72. 他已养成习惯，每天查看邮件，一有就回复。