考博英语-130(总分：140.28，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Reading (总题数：5，分数：20.00){{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.In the United States, 36 states currently allow capital punishment for serious crimes such as murder. Americans have always argued about the death penalty. Today, there is a serious question about this issue: Should there be a minimum age limit for executing criminals? In other words, is it right for convicted murderers who kill when they are minors--i, e. , under the age of 18--to receive the death penalty?In most other countries of the world, there is no capital punishment for minors. In the United States, though, each state makes its own decision. Of the 36 states that allow the death penalty, 30 permit the execution of minors.In the state of South Carolina, a convicted murderer was given the death penalty for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In 1977, when he was 17 years old, James Terry Roach and two friends brutally murdered three people. Roach's lawyer fought the decision to execute him. The young murderer remained on Death Row (a separate part of prison for convicted criminals who are sentenced to death) for ten years while his lawyer appealed to the governor. The lawyer argued that it is wrong to execute a person for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In the United States, the governor of a state has the power to change a sentence from the death penalty to life in prison. Nonetheless, the governor of South Carolina refused to stop the execution. Roach was finally executed by electrocution in 1986. This is not the first time a criminal was executed in South Carolina for a crime he committed when he was a minor. In 1944, a 14-year-old boy died in that state's electric chair.In Indiana, a 16-year-old girl was on Death Row for a crime she committed when she was 15. Paula Cooper and three friends stabbed an elderly woman to death in 1986. They robbed the old woman to get money to play video games. At the time of the murder, the minimum age limit for executions in that state was 10. Cooper's lawyer appealed to the governor of Indiana to stop the execution because the convicted killer was very young and because she was abused in childhood. The Indiana governor, who favors the death penalty, said that he had to let the courts do their job.（分数：4.00）(1).According to the passage, Cooper's lawyer ______.（分数：1.00）A.asked the governor for helpB.stopped the executionC.let the courts do their jobD.fought with the governor(2).Which of the following is true?（分数：1.00）A.All states in the U.S. allow the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder.B.South Carolina does not allow capital punishment for minors.C.the governor of a state can stop an execution.D.Americans agree that it is wrong to execute convicted criminals who are minors.(3).The author mentioned a 14-year-old boy in paragraph 3 to show ______.（分数：1.00）A.the boy died in an electric chairB.Roach was not the first minor criminal executed in South CarolinaC.the boy committed a crimeD.the boy was 14 years old when he died(4).Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Two Lawyers.B.Roach and Paula Cooper.C.No Capital Punishment for Minors.D.The Death Penalty in tile U. S.: Old Enough to Kill, Old Enough to Die?National Parks have more and more visitors each year. In the last ten years the number of campers using the camp sites has more than doubled. Camping as a family vacation has suddenly become extremely popular in America. It is a cheap way to travel; its simple pleasures are a pleasant change from hectic urban life; and it can be enjoyed by children of all ages. In car trunks or in racks on top of cars, families load a tent, sleeping bags, inflatable mattresses, cooking pans and eating utensils, and an ice chest for storing food. When they arrive at a camping ground they find a cleared space in which to pitch their tent, a fireplace for cooking, and usually a picnic table and benches--water and firewood nearby. By evening they are settled under the stars, the campsite around them dotted with lights from cooking fires and lanterns hung from trees. Vacations are not all in resorts or in the wilderness. Swarms of vacationing Americans visit New York and Washington each year. They visit New York because there is no place in the world like this tremendous, exciting city, the busiest port in the world, with its great steel and glass skyscrapers, its theaters and shops, its beauty of skyline and shoreline, and its thrilling five-cent ferry ride past the Statue of Liberty. They visit Washington because it is the nation's capital, where they can see their government at work, tour the public rooms of their President's home, the White House, and walk along the wide avenues to the art galleries and museums. Here they can see exhibits of the native peoples of their land--the Indians and the Eskimos. They can look at Lindbergh's small, fragile plane in which he crossed the Atlantic Ocean. They can ride the elevator to the top of the Washington Monument, visit Washington's Mount Vernon home, and feel the shiver of national pride as they stand at the foot of the great Lincoln Monument and read the stirring words of his Gettysburg Address.For Americans vacation time ends on Labor Day--the first Monday in September. Labor Day is the day when summer cottages are closed, when families head back to their homes. The highways are jammed with cars. The cars are jammed with families and belongings and treasures of the summer. By the time the drivers are back home they sometimes feel that what they need is a vacation.（分数：4.00）(1).Which of the following is not a reason for which camping has suddenly become extremely popular in America?（分数：1.00）A.National Parks provide camp sites.B.Camping is a cheap way to travel.C.Camping makes city people have a change.D.People of all ages enjoy camping.(2).Which of the following is not mentioned about New York?（分数：1.00）A.Very great and exciting city.B.Very wide avenues.C.Great skyscrapers.D.Beautiful skyline and shoreline.(3).Which of the following is not an attraction of Washington?（分数：1.00）A.Tile public rooms of the White House.B.The great Lincoln Monument.C.The Statue of Liberty.D.Exhibits of the native people of America.(4).Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Vacations in America.B.Big Cities in America.C.American Family Life.D.Camping as a Family Vacation.The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities (实体) directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which soical entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, notconflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper, the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may include efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that, war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.（分数：4.00）(1).The author holds the opinion that ______.（分数：1.00）A.like animal fights, competition is a necessity and war is inevitablepetition becomes war when it grows more and more fierceC.when social entities serve one another, opposition means cooperationD.while competition is unavoidable, war is not a necessary outcome(2).The author cites animal fights ______.（分数：1.00）A.to argue for the inevitability of warB.to support the theory that the fittest surviveC.to show that animals are free to eat animalsD.to indicate the nature of animal struggle(3).The tone of this essay is ______.（分数：1.00）A.serious and resoluteB.humorous and ironicalC.persuasive and convincingD.subjective and positive(4).In which book will this passage most suitably be edited?（分数：1.00）A.Sociology.B.The Animal World.C.The History of War.D.The Making of a Nation.In the art of the Middle Ages, we never encounter the personality of the artist as an individual; rather, it is diffused through the artistic genius of centuries embodied in the rules of religious art. Art of the Middle Ages is a sacred script, the symbols and meanings of which were well settled. The circular halo placed vertically behind the head signifies sainthood, while the halo impressed with a cross signifies divinity. By bare feet, we recognize God, the angels, Jesus Christ and the apostles, but for an artist to have depicted the Virgin Mary with bare feet would have been tantamount to heresy. Several concentric, wavy lines represent the sky, while parallel lines represent water or the sea. A tree,which is to say a single stalk with two or three stylized leaves, informs us that the scene is laid on earth. A tower with a window indicates a village; and should an angel be watching from the battlements, that city is thereby identified as Jerusalem. Saint Peter is always depicted with curly hair, a short beard and a tonsure, while Saint Paul always has a bald head and a long beard.Through this system, even the most mediocre talent was elevated by the genius of the centuries. The artist of the early Renaissance broke with tradition at their own peril. When they are not outstanding, they are scarcely able to avoid insignificance and banality in their religious works; and even when they are great, they are no more than the equals of the old masters who passively followed the sacred rules.（分数：4.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：1.00）A.theorize about the immediate influences on art of tile Middle AgesB.explain why artists of the Middle Ages followed the rules of a sacred scriptC.discuss some of the important features of art of the Middle AgesD.contrast the art of the Middle Ages with that of the Renaissance(2).All of the following are mentioned in the passage as elements of the sacred script EXCEPT ______.（分数：1.00）A.abstract symbols such as lines to represent physical featuresB.symbols such as halos and crossesC.clothing used to characterize individualsD.symmetrical juxtaposition of figures(3).The passage would most likely be found in a ______.（分数：1.00）A.sociological analysis of the Middle AgesB.treatise on the influence of the Church in the Middle AgesC.scholarly analysis of art in the Middle AgesD.preface to a biography of a Renaissance artist(4).By the phrase "diffused through the 'artistic genius of centuries," the author most likely means ______.（分数：1.00）A.the individual artists of the Middle Ages did not have serious talentB.great works of art from the Middle Ages have survived until nowC.an artist who faithfully followed the rules of religious art was not recognized during his lifetimeD.the rules of religious art, developed over time, left little freedom for the artistAt the present time, 98 percent of the world energy consumption comes from stored sources, such as fossil fuels or nuclear fuel. Only hydroelectric and wood energy represent completely renewable sources on ordinary time scales. Discovery of large additional fossil fuel reserves, solution of the nuclear safety and waste disposal problems, or the development of controlled thermonuclear fusion will provide only a short-term solution to the world's energy crisis. Within about 100 years, the thermal pollution resulting from our increased energy consumption will make solar energy a necessity at any cost.Man's energy consumption is currently about one part in ten thousand that of the energy we receive from the sun. However, it is growing at a 5 percentrate, of which about 2 percent represents a population growth and 3 percent a per capita energy increase. If this growth continues, within 100 years our energy consumption will be about 1 percent of the absorbed solar energy, enough to increase the average temperature of the earth by about one degree centigrade if stored energy continues to be our predominant source. This will be the point at which there will be significant effects in our climate, including the melting of the polar ice caps, a phenomenon which will raise the level of the oceans and flood parts of our major cities. There is positive feedback associated with this process, since the polar ice cap contributes to the partial reflectivity of the energy arriving from the sun: As the ice caps begin to melt, the reflectivity will decrease, thus heating the earth still further.It is often stated that the growth rate will decline or that energy conservation measures will preclude any long-range problem. Instead, this only postpones the problem by a few years. Conservation by a factor of two together with a maintenance of the 5 percent growth rate the problem by only 14 years. Reduction of the growth rate to 4 percent postpones the problem by only 25 years; in addition, the inequities in standards of living throughout the world will provide pressure toward an increase in growth rate, particularly if cheap energy is available. The problem of a changing climate will not be evident until perhaps ten years before it becomes critical due to the nature of an exponential growth rate together with the normal annual weather variations. This may be too short a period to circumvent the problem by converting to other energy sources, so advance planning is a necessity.The only practical means of avoiding the problem of thermal pollution appears to be the use of solar energy. (Schemes to "air-condition" the earth do not appear to be feasible before the twenty-second century. ) Using the solar energy before it is dissipated to heat does not increase the earth's energy balance. The cost of solar energy is extremely favorable now, particularly when compared to the cost of relocating many of our major cities.（分数：4.00）(1).The author is primarily concerned with ______.（分数：1.00）A.describing a phenomenon and explaining its causesB.outlining a position and supporting it with statisticsC.isolating an ambiguity and clarifying it by definitionD.presenting a problem and advocating a solution for it(2).According to the passage, all of the following are factors that will tend to increase thermal pollution EXCEPT ______.（分数：1.00）A.the earth's increasing populationB.melting of the polar ice capsC.increase in per capita energy consumptionD.expected anomalies in weather patterns(3).The positive feedback mentioned at the end of paragraph 2 means that the melting of the polar ice caps will ______.（分数：1.00）A.reduce per capita energy consumptionB.accelerate the transition to solar energyC.intensify tile effects of thermal pollutionD.necessitate a shift to alternative energy sources(4).The possibility of energy conservation is mentioned (in paragraph 3) in order to ______.（分数：1.00）A.preempt and refute a possible objection to the author's positionB.support directly the central thesis of the passageC.minimize the significance of a contradiction in the passageD.prove that such measures are ineffective and counterproductive二、{{B}}Part Ⅱ Vocabula(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.The chimney vomited a cloud of smoke.（分数：1.00）A.ignitedB.immersedC.emittedD.hugged2.Her remarks ______ a complete disregard for human rights.（分数：1.00）A.magnifiedB.maintainedC.manipulatedD.manifested3.On behalf of my company, I am ______ to you and your colleagues for your generous help.（分数：1.00）A.subjectedB.inclinedC.availableD.obliged4.Before the construction of the road, it was prohibitively expensive to transport any furs or fruits across the mountains.（分数：1.00）A.determinedlyB.incrediblyC.amazinglyD.forbiddingly5.The rear section of the brain does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.（分数：1.00）A.advancedB.growingC.frontD.back6.The none of students in the class likes the mistress, who is used to being ______ of everything they do.（分数：1.00）A.emotionalB.optimisticC.interestedD.critical7.Before the disastrous earthquake there was ______ chaos.（分数：1.00）A.massiveB.ominousC.suspendingD.imminent8.The day was breaking and people began to go to work so the murderer was unable to of the body.（分数：1.00）A.dispenseB.disposeC.discardD.discharge9.I didn't know it then, but this disruptive way of reading started with the very first novelI ever picked up.（分数：1.00）A.harmfulB.persistentC.interruptiveD.characteristic10.The problem is that the loss of confidence among the soldiers can be highly contagious.（分数：1.00）A.spreadingB.contemptibleC.contentedD.depressing11.At dusk, Mr. Hightower would sit in his old armchair in the backyard and wistfully lose in reminiscence of his youth romances.（分数：1.00）A.hopefullyB.reflectivelyC.sympatheticallyD.irresistibly12.I should be able to finish the task on time, ______ you provide me with the necessary guidance.（分数：1.00）A.in caseB.provided thatC.or elseD.as if13.The prodigal son spent his money extravagantly and soon after he left home he was reduced toa beggar.（分数：1.00）vishlyB.economicallyC.thriftilyD.extrovertly14.While he was not dumber than an ox, he was not any smarter; so most of his classmates were lenient and helped him along.（分数：1.00）A.helpfulB.mercifulC.enthusiasticD.intelligent15.Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing others and fighting each other.（分数：1.00）A.hardly activeB.relatively activeC.extremely inactiveD.pathologically active16.The appearance of the used car is ______, it's much newer than it really is.（分数：1.00）A.descriptiveB.indicativeC.deceptiveD.impressive17.The sales manager was so adamant about her idea that it was out of the question for any one to talk her out of it.（分数：1.00）A.adaptableB.anxiousC.firmD.talkative18.His office is ______ to the President's; it usually takes him about three minutes to get there.（分数：1.00）A.relatedB.adhesiveC.adherentD.adjacent19.The unfortunate death of the genius poet caused ______ loss to this country.（分数：1.00）A.pricelessB.countlessC.incalculableD.imaginable20.Can you imagine! He offered me $ 5000 to break my contract. That's ______. Of course I didn't agree. I would take legal action.（分数：1.00）A.fraudB.blackmailC.briberypensation三、{{B}}Part Ⅲ Cloze{{/(总题数：1，分数：20.00){{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. The history of African—Americans during the past 400 years is traditionally narrated{{U}} (41) {{/U}}an ongoing straggle against{{U}}(42) {{/U}}and indifference on the part of the American mainstream, anda struggle{{U}} (43) {{/U}}as an upward movement is{{U}} (44){{/U}}toward ever more justice and opportunity.Technology in and of{{U}} (45) {{/U}}is not at fault; it's much too simple to say that gunpowder or agricultural machinery or fiber optics{{U}} (46) {{/U}}been the enemy of an{{U}} (47) {{/U}}group of people. A certain machine is put{{U}} (48) {{/U}}work in a certain way--the purpose{{U}} (49) {{/U}}which it was designed. The people who design the machines are not intent on unleashing chaos; they are usually trying to{{U}} (50) {{/U}}a task more quickly, cleanly, or cheaply,{{U}} (51) {{/U}}the imperative of innovation and efficiency that has ruled Western civilization{{U}} (52) {{/U}}the Renaissance.Mastery of technology is second only{{U}} (53) {{/U}}money as the true measure of accomplishment in this country, and it is very likely that by{{U}} (54) {{/U}}this under-representation in the technological realm, and by not questioning and examining the folkways that have{{U}} (55) {{/U}}it, blacks are allowing{{U}} (56) {{/U}}to be kept out of the mainstream once again. This time, however, they will be{{U}} (57) {{/U}}from the greatest cash engine of the twenty-first century. Inner-city blacks in particular are in danger, and the beautiful suburbs{{U}} (58) {{/U}}ring the decay of Hartford, shed the past and learn to exist without contemplating or encountering the tragedy of the inner city.And blacks must change as well. Tile ways that{{U}} (59) {{/U}}their ancestors through captivity and coming to freedom have begun to loose their utility. If blacks{{U}} (60) {{/U}}to survive as full participants in this society, they have to understand what works now.（分数：20.00）A.likeB.asC.forD.withA.charityB.clarityC.cohesionD.oppressionA.chartingB.chartsC.chartedD.to chartA.progressingB.progressedC.clutchedD.clutchingA.itselfB.themselvesC.ourselvesD.himselfA.haveB.to haveC.hasD.to hasA.entirelyB.enterC.entireD.entranceA.forB.offC.onD.atA.forB.toC.withD.beforeA.envelopB.accomplishC.envelopingD.accomplishingA.followedB.followsC.to followD.followingA.sinceB.onC.inD.atA.beforeB.toC.withD.fromA.to tolerateB.tolerateC.toleratedD.toleratingA.encounteredB.encounteringC.to encounterD.encountersA.themC.themselvesD.ourselvesA.excludingB.includedC.includingD.excludedA.whereB.thatC.howD.whatA.servicingB.encircleC.encirclingD.servedA.isB.wereC.amD.have四、{{B}}Part Ⅳ English-(总题数：7，分数：80.00)(1).According to the passage, Cooper's lawyer ______.（分数：1.00）A.asked the governor for helpB.stopped the executionC.let the courts do their jobD.fought with the governor(2).Which of the following is true?（分数：1.00）A.All states in the U.S. allow the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder.B.South Carolina does not allow capital punishment for minors.C.the governor of a state can stop an execution.D.Americans agree that it is wrong to execute convicted criminals who are minors.(3).The author mentioned a 14-year-old boy in paragraph 3 to show ______.（分数：1.00）A.the boy died in an electric chairB.Roach was not the first minor criminal executed in South CarolinaC.the boy committed a crimeD.the boy was 14 years old when he died(4).Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Two Lawyers.B.Roach and Paula Cooper.C.No Capital Punishment for Minors.D.The Death Penalty in tile U. S.: Old Enough to Kill, Old Enough to Die?National Parks have more and more visitors each year. In the last ten years the number of campers using the camp sites has more than doubled. Camping as a family vacation has suddenly become extremely popular in America. It is a cheap way to travel; its simple pleasures are a pleasant change from hectic urban life; and it can be enjoyed by children of all ages. In car trunks or in racks on top of cars, families load a tent, sleeping bags, inflatable mattresses, cooking pans and eating utensils, and an ice chest for storing food. When they arrive at a camping ground they find a cleared space in which to pitch their tent, a fireplace for cooking, and usually a picnic table and benches--water and firewood nearby. By evening they are settled under the stars, the campsite around them dotted with lights from cooking fires and lanterns hung from trees. Vacations are not all in resorts or in the wilderness. Swarms of vacationing Americans visit New York and Washington each year. They visit New York because there is no place in the world like this tremendous, exciting city, the busiest port in the world, with its great steel and glass skyscrapers, its theaters and shops, its beauty of skyline and shoreline, and its thrilling five-cent ferry ride past the Statue of Liberty. They visit Washington because it is the nation's capital, where they can see their government at work, tour the public rooms of their President's home, the White House, and walk along the wide avenues to the art galleries and museums. Here they can see exhibits of the native peoples of their land--the Indians and the Eskimos. They can look at Lindbergh's small, fragile plane in which he crossed the Atlantic Ocean. They can ride the elevator to the top of the Washington Monument, visit Washington's Mount Vernon home, and feel the shiver of national pride as they standat the foot of the great Lincoln Monument and read the stirring words of his Gettysburg Address.For Americans vacation time ends on Labor Day--the first Monday in September. Labor Day is the day when summer cottages are closed, when families head back to their homes. The highways are jammed with cars. The cars are jammed with families and belongings and treasures of the summer. By the time the drivers are back home they sometimes feel that what they need is a vacation.（分数：4.00）(1).Which of the following is not a reason for which camping has suddenly become extremely popular in America?（分数：1.00）A.National Parks provide camp sites.B.Camping is a cheap way to travel.C.Camping makes city people have a change.D.People of all ages enjoy camping.(2).Which of the following is not mentioned about New York?（分数：1.00）A.Very great and exciting city.B.Very wide avenues.C.Great skyscrapers.D.Beautiful skyline and shoreline.(3).Which of the following is not an attraction of Washington?（分数：1.00）A.Tile public rooms of the White House.B.The great Lincoln Monument.C.The Statue of Liberty.D.Exhibits of the native people of America.(4).Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Vacations in America.B.Big Cities in America.C.American Family Life.D.Camping as a Family Vacation.The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities (实体) directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which soical entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise。