第7章自然主义
7.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
2. Emergence
3. Major Features
4. American Naturalists
Ⅱ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Major Features
Ⅲ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
3. Major Features
Ⅳ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
Ⅴ. Jack London (1876-1916)
1. Life
2. Literary Career
Ⅵ. Summary
Ⅰ. Overview
1. Background
Since people were interested in Darwinian thought, the writers found a way to explain human behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection.
Ⅰ. 概述
1. 背景
人们对达尔文思想感兴趣，作家们用达尔文的自然选择论来解释人类的行为。

2. Emergence
Under the French influence, some writers ushered in a literary movement called Naturalism in America.
2. 出现
受法国的影响，一些作家在美国开始发起一场自然主义的文学运动。

3. Major Features
(1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.
(2) The universe is godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.
3. 主要特征
(1) 人类受遗传法则和环境的控制。

(2) 宇宙是无神的，冷漠的，对人类的愿望有敌意。

4. American Naturalists
Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser are often used as two examples of American literary naturalism.
4. 美国的自然主义作家
斯蒂芬·克莱恩和西奥多·德莱塞是美国自然主义作家的代表。

Ⅱ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
Ⅰ. Life
Stephen Crane was a famous naturalism writer and had many excellent works in his short life.
Ⅱ. 斯蒂芬·克莱恩(1871-1900)
1. 生平
斯蒂芬·克莱恩是一位著名的自然主义作家，短暂的一生中留下了很多佳作。

2. Literary Career
①In 1893 Crane published his first novel called Maggie, A Girl of the Streets, which was the first naturalistic novel written by an American.
②In 1895 he published his most famous book about the American Civil War called
T he Red Badge of Courage.
2. 文学生涯
①1893年，克莱恩发表了他的第一部小说《街头女郎玛吉》，是美国人写的第一部自然主义小说。

②1895年，他发表了最著名的有关美国内战的作品《红色英勇勋章》。

3. Major Features
(1) His syntax is direct and simple.
(2) Crane was very much influenced by impressionistic painters.
(3) He used symbols and irony.
3. 主要特点
(1) 他的句法直接，简单。

(2) 克莱恩深受印象派画家的影响。

(3) 他采用象征和讽刺手法。

Ⅲ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
1. Life
He became one of the first American writers to come from the lower level of society.
Ⅲ. 西奥多·德莱塞(1871-1945)
1. 生平
他是从底层社会跻身成功人士的美国作家之一。

2. Literary Career
Sister Carrie won Dreiser population in America. His masterpiece is An American Tragedy.
2. 文学生涯
《嘉莉妹妹》使德莱塞获得欢迎。

他的杰作是《美国悲剧》。

3. Major Features
(1) As a naturalistic writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels.
(2) He developed the capacity for photographic and relentless observation.
3. 主要特点
(1) 作为一名自然主义作家，德莱塞在小说中强调宿命论。

(2) 他发展了逼真，残酷的观察能力。

Ⅳ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)
1. Life
Norris was born in Chicago. He has lived in western America for most of his life. 2. Literary Career
Norris had many excellent works, such as McTeague, The Pit and The Responsibilities of the Novelist. His most impressive work is the prose epic The Octopus.
Ⅳ. 弗兰克·诺里斯(1870-1902)
1. 生平
诺里斯出生于芝加哥。

一生中的大部分时间都居住在美国西部。

2. 文学生涯
诺里斯有很多杰出作品，比如《麦克提格》《交易所》和《小说家的责任》。

他最著名的作品是散文史诗《章鱼》。

Ⅴ. Jack London (1876-1916)
1. Life
Jack London was one of the most articulate and militant spokesmen of the working class.
2. Literary Career
In 1903 he wrote The Call of the Wild, an all-time best seller. His major works include, The Sea Wolf and White Fang, etc.
Ⅴ. 杰克·伦敦(1876-1916)
1. 生平
杰克·伦敦是口才好、好斗的工人阶级的发言人之一。

2. 文学生涯
1903年，他创作了《野性的呼唤》，成为畅销书。

他的主要作品包括《海狼》和《白牙》等。

Ⅵ. Summary
American naturalists shared similarities in theme and technique. They ventured the。