文档信息标题：The research of haze governance issues作者：Markus H.期刊：Asian Journal of Business Ethics第1卷，第2期，页码：31-41 年份：2016年原文The research of haze governance issuesMarkus HAbstractHaze is PM2.5 particles floating in the atmosphere such as dust, aerosol particles, in certain humidity, temperature and other weather conditions have relatively stable state of the weather phenomenon. Fog disaster, is the result of air pollution for a long time. How to control air pollution is one of the urgent problems facing mankind. Haze weather mainly is the development pattern, caused by the unreasonable industrial structure and energy structure, its roots in the fossil energy, also is a coal burning, one is the fuel, another way is more extensive, a large amount of pollutant discharge, the main reasons include the atmospheric air pressure is low. The ground dust, which is low humidity of the air, the ground and car flow make stir up dust. Automobile exhaust is haze is a factor, as well as the factory produce secondary pollution, etc. This paper mainly studies the typical haze literature is reviewed, mainly analyzes the cause of the haze and fog governance countermeasures and Suggestions. And from the Angle of theoretical analysis, draw lessons from the intermediate microeconomic theory, gives the utility maximization to maximize the net income and social levels of smog pollution. Finally, pointed out the direction of further research, the root cause of the haze in the future the main empirical research is prospected.Keywords: Haze; Literature review; Control measures; Experience1 IntroductionStudies have shown that recent strong fog weather is atmospheric stability, man-made pollutants, together with the abundant water vapor and dust, is a natural factors and human factors combined action of environmental pollution event. Becauseof air flow and the location of the adjacent, fog inevitable penetration, diffusion, etc., no country, which city can escape in the fog haze covered large area. All over the world have taken place in different levels of smog event, such a beautiful environment of the country, including Singapore there were different degrees of haze weather, other are Malaysia, India and other countries, has caused extensive concern of the people all over the world. In today's increasingly social and economic development, people pay more and more attention to the surrounding environment. Environment not only affects the future development of the foundation, also affects people's health. Not assured labor health, human resources required for further economic development becomes madras reflected. In meteorology, due to a large number of tiny drops of water floating in the air, make the horizontal visibility is less than 1. 0 km is called fog; Due to the small dry dust particles floating in the air, make the horizontal visibility less than 10. 0 km called haze, sometimes called gray haze. A mixture of both is called smog. And our main object of governance is haze, fog and some relatively minor. In spite of the fog day also affect the safety of people travel, but compared with haze caused by environmental problems will soon be much less.2 Literature reviewThrough the study of resource and environmental economics as we know, command type governance mechanism is often low efficiency. Just use command control such highly regulative tools, not well play the role of reducing smog. Thailand's case study is pointed out that the failure mode of "one size fits all" is not considering the regional heterogeneity, complexity and burning ash motivations behind, so the author suggests the experiences of the local case study should be extended to planning and policy process, strengthen the autonomy of local government, strengthen inter-regional cooperation. British scholars conducted more detailed research, analysis of the composition problem of ash haze, the haze formation mechanism have a more clear understanding. They think the ash haze weather than the ash haze weather, the particle concentration increases; the amount of water soluble inorganic ions in the particulate matter also increases. To study the water soluble components of air particulates can understand the crucial factor for the formation ofurban haze. In the process of case analysis in cities, they think that plays a main role in the process of particulate matter is the automobile exhaust emissions .Through the study of particulate matter, 11 different diameter range is grey haze and the ash haze days, the range of particles in the water soluble inorganic analysis which inorganic on most affected by the formation of haze. They also corrected the previous definition of haze, only pay attention to the visibility of the past, do not emphasize the humidity, the humidity have important influence on the formation and continuation of haze. Gray haze is visibility less than 10 km and humidity less than 90% of the weather. The results of the empirical analysis: gray haze days PM1. 8 / PM10 is very high, the value of the correlation is mainly due to the coarse particles from the surface is faster than the newly formed fine particles disperse, reinforce the stability of the weather, and thin boundary layer phenomenon. Particle distribution in the ash haze days than higher ash haze day’s peak, 3.2-5.6 microns thick particle peak than 0. 56-1. 0 mu m fine particulate matter is higher. Due to the sampling time in April, a relatively high wind speed can also help road dust suspended. Root, nitrate, ammonium sulfate ions is in the haze formation. High humidity helps to form droplets of particulate matter. October is the main source of particulate matter after corn harvest biomass burning (high ash content of inorganic ion content).Potassium as clouds freezing nuclei for low exothermic and visibility has significant effect. Suspension of road dust, soil dust, construction dust is mainly is the source of calcium and magnesium ions.PM1. 8 and PM10 in the root, nitrate and ammonium sulfate in the ash haze days more, the reason is that relatively high humidity sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and ammonia after the rapid transformation of multi-phase reaction. Nitrate and sulfuric acid root material proportion can be used as a pollution from non-point pollution or mobile pollution index, because the car exhaust emissions more nitrogen, and sulfur more come from the combustion of coal. And researchers say the ash haze weather is the main reason is that the initial gas pollutants rapidly into inorganic ion lead to PM 2.5 of explosive growth, especially the burning of fossil fuels and emissions increased nix formation; Metal ions are oxidation catalysts, nitrogen dioxide in the process of sulfur dioxide into sulfate also played the role of catalyst, inorganic sulfide, nitride ions increasedthe formation of haze. External reason is that strong cold air and geographical unusual cycle of atmospheric conditions. Air pollution reduce atmospheric oxidation ability enhancement, visibility, worsening environment quality. The conversion process between pollution source and sediment is very complex, jointly affect the environment. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide is mainly comes from fossil fuel combustion and emissions, combustion and emissions of nitrogen oxides of sulfur dioxide into sulfate has important role. In addition, continuous gray haze weather, also with the geography and atmospheric environment is related to stop the spread of the contaminant. Ash haze weather low pressure accumulation of atmospheric pollutants, high temperature and high humidity, low wind speed, atmospheric boundary layer is too thin, advection is the more common form, sharply reduce pollutant dispersion in space, leading to regional concentrations of pollutants, makes the ash haze last a long time.3 Empirical study of haze pollution control3.1 Industrial pollutionOne is strictly punish illegal emissions. The United States has a strict punishment measures to deal with illegal emissions. California related laws and regulations, such as illegal emissions will be fined for enterprise, the maximum fine of $50000 a day, a fine time from illegal emissions to meet the requirements of the rectification of the day., in addition to the fine and confiscation of illegal income of economic benefits, environmental damage will have civil action and public interest litigation shall be investigated for compensation, the most severe punishment corporate business license is revoked, greatly improve the illegal cost of enterprises. The second is the environmental permit system differentiation, dynamic. Finland's third largest city tampered according to specific emission situation of each enterprise all kinds of industry pollution permits standard. Supervision personnel and enterprise technical personnel repeated negotiations, and seek the opinions of the stakeholder groups, through consultation and discussion for apply to specific enterprises of tradable permits.3.2 Industry planningSingapore government requires more closely with industry layout must be with the environmental planning, industrial zone should be the next direction and away from the original ecological system. In addition, the Singapore for each specific area of the environmental function zoning, issued a detailed environmental quality standard system, and set up strict emission standards for industrial projects. The second is through central heating co-generation implementation. In Finland, nearly all towns and densely are populated area by way of cogeneration central heating. Distributed in all parts of the country of the thermal power plant USES waste heat power generation heating water, to provide customers with central heating and washing with hot water. Each residential area of central heating automatic control center can be adjusted according to the variation of outdoor temperature heating temperature. In the backwater heating pipe heating by central heating pipelines being sent back to the thermal power plant, the implementation recycled after use. Sweden is one of the Arctic Circle, heating relationship both quality of life, and is related to energy consumption and environmental pollution. Sweden's most residential area and office building use central heating, heating facilities often have outdoor sensor head. Indoor temperature is assumed in a certain temperature, the amount of heating central heating as the outdoor temperature change and adjustment, this makes the indoor temperature of Sweden basic maintained people living needs temperature all the year round. Sweden department specifically set up energy consultant in local governments, to help the families of different design different scheme of energy use, including heating, to minimize household spending, and at the same time protect the environment.3.3 The city planningThan the Swedish city of Hama residents must sign an ecological environmental contracts to check-in, fully embodies the Hama than the concept of ecological city. Motor vehicle pollution, and first is the control of motor vehicle pollution. Motor vehicle pollution is a complicated problem, and at a deeper level of traffic planning and urban space layout. Singapore through the tax policy, vehicle quota system, fuel quality standards, complete inspection maintenance system, regional passport and aseries of system; Road congestion charges; Bus service, establish and improve a variety of preferential encouraging public transit; Prospective of the comprehensive traffic planning is a series of measures such as comprehensive governance of motor vehicle pollution. Second is to promote clean vehicles and product technology and measures. Los Angeles city government vigorously promotes clean vehicle technology and product to cut pollution. In addition, by tax and tax incentives to promote transportation electrification, promote the use of a hybrid car. Third is to encourage low carbon travel. Hama, its residents are encouraged to use bicycles, electric cars and buses and other low-carbon way to travel.译文雾霾治理问题研究Markus H摘要雾霾是漂浮大气中的PM2.5等尺寸微粒、粉尘、气溶胶等粒子，在一定的湿度、温度等天气条件相对稳定状态下产生的天气现象。