第三章）Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions1. Use the information in the table on labor productivities in France and Germany toanswer the following questions.使用该信息表上关于法国和德国的劳动生产率，以回答以下问题。
Output per Hour Worked单位工作小时的产出France GermanyCheese 2 kilograms 1 kilogramCars 0.25 0.5a. Which country has an absolute advantage in cheese? In cars?哪个国家有奶酪的绝对优势？汽车呢？b. What is the relative price of cheese in France if it does not trade? In Germany, if itdoes not trade?什么是奶酪在法国的相对价格，如果它不交易？在德国，如果不进行交易？c. What is opportunity cost of cheese in France? In Germany?法国奶酪的机会成本是多少？德国呢？d. Which country has a comparative advantage in cheese? In cars? Show how youknow.在奶酪生产上，那个国家有比较优势？在汽车生产上呢？解释你的结论e. What are the upper and lower bounds for the trade price of cheese?奶酪交易价格的上下边界是什么？f.Draw a hypothetical PPC for France and label its slope. Suppose that France followsits comparative advantage in deciding where to produce on its PPC. Label itsproduction point.画一条假设的法国生产可能性曲线并标出其斜率。
假设法国根据其比较优势决定生产可能性曲线上生产点，标出其生产点。
If the trade price of cars is 5 kilos of cheese per car, draw a trade line showing howFrance can gain from trade.如果贸易价格是每辆汽车换5千克奶酪，画出交易线说明法国能够得到的贸易利得。
Answers:a. France has the absolute advantage in cheese and Germany in cars. This followsbecause France’s productivity is higher in cheese and Germany’s is higher in cars.法国有干酪和德国车的绝对优势。
在此之前，因为法国的生产力是奶酪更高，德国是汽车高b. The autarkic relative price of cheese in France is one-eighth car per kilogram; inGermany it is one-half car.奶酪在法国的自给自足的相对价格是每公斤八分之一的汽车;在德国它是二分之一的汽车c. Opportunity costs are equal to relative prices.机会成本等于相对价格d. France has a comparative advantage in cheese because its opportunity cost is lower (one-eighth car versus one-half car in Germany). By the same reasoning, Germany has a comparative advantage in cars.法国有比较优势的奶酪，因为它的机会成本较低（八分之一的车与二分之一的汽车在德国）。
同样的道理，德国在汽车的比较优势。
e. The trade price of cheese will settle between one-eighth and one-half car per kilo.奶酪的贸易价格将位于每千克八分之一到二分之一辆汽车之间f.2. Suppose the table in Problem 1 looks like the following instead:假设问题1中的表格为下表所代替Output per Hour WorkedFrance GermanyCheese 1 kilogram 2 kilogramsCars 0.25 2Answer questions (a)–(e) from Problem 1. For Part (f), assume the nations trade at 1 car for 2 cheese.回答1题中的1-5问题。
假设国际交易是一辆汽车换2块奶酪，回答第6问题Answers:a. Germany has an absolute advantage in both cheese and cars.德国都具有绝对优势b. 1 cheese = 0.25 car in France; 1 cheese =1 car in Germanyc. same as Part (b).同上d. France has a comparative advantage in cheese because its opportunity cost in terms of cars is lower (0.25 car vs. 1 car); Germany has a comparative advantage in car production (1 cheese vs. 4 cheese).法国有比较优势的奶酪，因为其机会成本的汽车而言是较低（0.25车与1辆）;德国在汽车生产（1奶酪与奶酪4 ）具有相对优势。
e. The trade price of cheese will settle between 0.25 car and 1 car.f.3. Explain how a nation can gain from trade even though not everyone is made better off.Isn’t this a contradiction?Answer: This is not a contradiction. The gains from trade imply that the winners could compensate the losers completely and still have gains left over. Some peoplemay lose jobs (in the example in the text, as the United States moved towardspecialization in steel, American workers were shifted out of the breadindustry and into the steel industry), but others benefit from the higherdemand for their product (workers in the steel industry). As long as thewinner’s gains are greater than the loser’s losses, we can conclude that thenation wins.这不是一个矛盾。
从贸易的收益意味着获奖者可以完全补偿失败者，仍然有剩下的收益。
有些人可能会失去工作（在本例中的文本，如美国钢铁走向专业化，美国工人被转移出来的面包行业，进入钢铁行业），但对他们的产品需求上升他人受益（工人在钢铁行业）。
只要获奖者的收益是大于失败者的损失，我们可以得出结论，国家赢了。
4. Economic nationalists in developed countries worry that international trade is destroyingthe national economy. A common complaint is that trade agreements open the economy to increased trade with countries where workers are paid a fraction of what they earn at home. Explain the faulty logic of this argument.Answer:The error in logic is the failure to take into account the differences inproductivity. The low-wage workers in less developed countries in generalare paid less because they produce less output during each hour of labor.Furthermore, the developed nations andthe less developed nations are not in competition for economic growth.Growth in one country benefits the other through an increase in the demandfor its products. Economic nationalists tend to view trade as a zero-sum gamein which one side loses and theother wins.在逻辑错误是未能考虑到生产率的差异。
低工资的工人在欠发达国家，一般是因为他们的劳动力的每一个小时内产生较少的输出的薪水。