《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料Lesson One China in the Market Place一、术语：manufactured goods 制成品capital equipment 资本货物balance of payments 国际收支current account 经常项目visible trade account 有形贸易项目invisible trade account 无形贸易项目trade surplus 贸易顺差trade deficit 贸易逆差barter 易货贸易compensation trade 补偿贸易counter-trade 反向贸易assembly manufacturing 组装生产industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税joint venture 合资企业deferred payment 延期付款buyer credit 买方信贷supplier credit 卖方信贷soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款）MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系NI: National Income 国民收入GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体EU: European Union 欧洲联盟FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资二、词语释义：exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化disrupt: interrupt 中断in the wake of: following 继┉之后breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的run-down: reductionmount exhibitions: hold exhibitionsinsofar as: to the extent 在┉范围之内bottlenecks: obstacles; problems that retard or halt free movement or progress三、句子翻译：Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese economy has caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978, placing undue strain on the national economy.官方认为，外国技术可在中国经济现代化中起重要作用，这导致了1978年中国的进口增加了50%以上，从而给国民经济带来了重压。

The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China"s determination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets. … The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy, such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints许多发展中国家面临的债务问题使中国加强了这样的决心：通过外国直接投资和优惠付款方式引进国外技术，而不是利用在国际资本市场上筹集大笔资金的方式。

……在经济中的许多实际障碍―如运输能力不足和能源缺乏―被克服之前，中国政府认为招来大笔外债的做法是不妥当的。

《外刊经贸知识选读》的串讲资料（二）Lesson two The Curtain Goes up一、术语：The special Economic Zone 经济特区a well-placed source 一位高层消息灵通人士infrastructure 基础设施capital stock 实际资本consumer goods 消费品preferential tax rate 优惠税率cooperative enterprise 合作（经营）企业ETDZ （Economic &Technical Development Zone ）经济技术开发区entrepreneurship 企业家精神means of production 生产资料stock-taking 评估二、词语释义：in piecemeal form: piece by piece; gradually 逐渐的showpiece: a prime or outstanding example 典范pipedream: fantasy; daydream; dream that cannot be realized 白日梦from scratch: from the very beginning 从零开始，从最初开始grassroots: basic level 基层the dust settles: the confusion ends 尘埃落定in the driver"s seat: in the dominant position三、句子翻译：In the SEZs, which are being built almost from scratch, foreigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country, be it, for example, production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.在一切几乎从零开始的经济特区，只要中国政府认为对国家有益，外国人可对任何项目进行投资，例如出口货物的生产或私人住宅的房地产开发。

So, while comprehensive framework for the country"s modernization has been provided by the central committee"s 21 October 1984 decision to reform the economic structure, it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one another in a systematic way.因此，虽然中央委员会1984年10月21日的改革经济结构的决定为该国的现代化提供了一个综合的框架，但要等尘埃落定、要等地方政府与外国投资者能有条不紊的打交道却还需要一段时间。

Lesson Three Beijing Rising一、术语：economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国commercial hub 商业活动中心Per capita 人均Gross National Product 国民生产总值punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税securities 有价证券real estate market 房地产市场“Greater China”trade bloc “大中华”贸易集团conglomerate 跨行业公司consortium 国际财团二、词语释义：jockey: moveis bustling with: is filled withgiddy: dizzy; euphoricfarfetched: improbable; incredibleclear: earn a net profitdeal a hard blow to: strike heavilyrung: levelretaliation: return of ill treatment for ill treatment; revenge; reprisalcareer out of control: run out of control三、句子翻译：With the U.S. Congress due to consider the renewal of China"s most-favored nation trade status in June, officials in Beijing fear the trade imbalance could surpass human rights as a source of U.S. opposition to preferred status for China. Beijing has cut this year"s growth target from 10 to 8.5 per cent, in an effort to keep the economy fromcareering out of control just as it was cut back in 1989 and 1990 when it overheated. Lesson four The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective一、术语：centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济market economy 市场经济disinflationary (anti-inflationary) policies 反通货膨胀政策deflation 通货紧缩short-term dollar interest rates 短期美元利率commodity market 商品市场nominal (dollar) terms 名义（美元）价constant (dollar) terms 不变（美元）价business cycle 商业周期weighted average 加权平均数hard currencies 硬通货fiscal adjustment 财政调整portfolio investment 有价证券投资market diversification 市场多元化tight credit policy 紧缩的信贷政策exchange-rate devaluation 汇率贬值accommodative monetary policy 融通性货币政策yield curve 收益曲线per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定EMS: European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系GDP deflator 消除国内生产总值通货膨胀因素指数（GDP 平减指数）CMEA (Comecon): Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经互会LIBOR: London Inter-Bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业银行优惠利率二、词语释义：in a row: in successioneasing: slowing down; decreasemomentum: force of movementunderlying: being at the basis ofslackening: slowing of speedcompound: worsenmoderate inflation: ease inflationrobust: strong and healthysetbacks: frustrationsslump: depressionedge down: move slowly downdepreciation: devaluationspike: abrupt increasepick-up: recoveryrein in: controlbottoming-out: reaching the lowest point before rising again （止跌回升）三、句子翻译：Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 percent in nonoil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 percent, in the growth of world trade. Increasingly buoyant intraregional trade in East Asia may be viewed as evidence of an ongoing process of “market-oriented” regional integration, a development that could partially offse t lackluster progress in the area of multilateral trade agreements.Lesson Five U.S. is Prepared to See Trade Relations Worsen一、术语：trade representative 贸易谈判代表government procurement 政府采购NAFTA （North America Free Trade Agreements ）北美自由贸易协定trade sanctions 贸易制裁trade hawks 贸易中主张强硬路线的鹰派人物二、词语释义：tough: uncompromising （不妥协的，强硬的）discrimination: unfair treatmentsanctions: penaltyescalate: develop; intensifyfrictions: conflictsprocurement: purchasebe bullied into doing: be forced to dois awake to: is conscious ofamenable to: responsive toa ragged start: a poor start三、句子翻译：Administration officials see little risk that this more aggressive policy could escalate into a full-fledged trade war that would shock the world"s fragile economies. Thus, the administration will not be deterred by complaints that it has moved to “protectionism.” In some ways, Mr. Clinton and his advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bush administration, which threatened sanctions against the Community last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S. companies.《外刊经贸知识选读》的串讲资料（三）Lesson four The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective一、术语：centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济market economy 市场经济disinflationary (anti-inflationary) policies 反通货膨胀政策deflation 通货紧缩short-term dollar interest rates 短期美元利率commodity market 商品市场nominal (dollar) terms 名义（美元）价constant (dollar) terms 不变（美元）价business cycle 商业周期weighted average 加权平均数hard currencies 硬通货fiscal adjustment 财政调整portfolio investment 有价证券投资market diversification 市场多元化tight credit policy 紧缩的信贷政策exchange-rate devaluation 汇率贬值accommodative monetary policy 融通性货币政策yield curve 收益曲线per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定EMS: European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系GDP deflator 消除国内生产总值通货膨胀因素指数（GDP 平减指数）CMEA (Comecon): Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经互会LIBOR: London Inter-Bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业银行优惠利率二、词语释义：in a row: in successioneasing: slowing down; decrease momentum: force of movementunderlying: being at the basis ofslackening: slowing of speedcompound: worsenmoderate inflation: ease inflationrobust: strong and healthysetbacks: frustrationsslump: depressionedge down: move slowly downdepreciation: devaluationspike: abrupt increasepick-up: recoveryrein in: controlbottoming-out: reaching the lowest point before rising again （止跌回升）三、句子翻译：Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline inshort-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 percent in nonoil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 percent, in the growth of world trade. Increasingly buoyant intraregional trade in East Asia may be viewed as evidence of an ongoing process of “market-oriented” regional integration, a development that could partially offse t lackluster progress in the area of multilateral trade agreements.外刊串讲（四）Lesson Six Economic Troubles Cloud New Market"s Future一、术语：the single market 统一大市场Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特条约barrier-free market 无壁垒市场free-trade zone 自由贸易区referendum 公民复决投票merger 兼并budget cuts 预算削减political and economic integration 政治经济一体化deregulation 放松管制privatization 私有化二、词语释义：big bang: strong and powerful effect; impact （不同凡响的效果）sour: worsen backlash: a strong adverse reactionbe bursting to: be eager to （迫不及待地…）skid: slide; fallgush about: talk about with excessive enthusiasm （滔滔不绝地谈论）translate into: transform into hang over: impend over; threaten三、句子翻译：Yet in its current dour mood, Europe risks almost overlooking the revolutionary step forward it has taken in creating the world"s largest and wealthiest barrier-free market —and on a continent where, for centuries, economic battles have led to some of history"s bloodiest wars. But perhaps the major reason is the dark economic clouds now hanging over Europe. One of the central justifications for the single market was its ability to create greater prosperity, but it is making its debut just as Europe traverses one of its roughest economic storms in years.Lesson Seven Japan Says No一、术语：free trade 自由贸易trade sanctions 贸易制裁fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划managed trade 管理贸易trade balance 贸易差额multilateral rules 多边规则economic cycle 经济周期budget deficit 预算赤字trade reprisals 贸易报复二、词语释义：draw the line: set limits; refuse to go as far as or beyond （划定界限；不肯做到或超越某种程度）die down: disappear gradually foreshadow: is a sign of; represents; indicates capitulate to: yield to thrust: principal concern or objectivegeared to: adjusted to take sb to task for: reprimand sb for; criticize sb foris at pains to: makes a great effort to; works hard to of its own accord: voluntarily; spontaneouslyexport-driven: export-led; export-oriented in due course: at the right timecave in to: give in to三、句子翻译：Its policy is to open some Japanese markets (which it deems to be closed) by setting import targets—an approach to trade policy that supporters call “results-oriented”. This ugly term foreshadows uncertain consequences. Far from capitulating to this new thrust of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-Pacific confrontation. In addition to the customary dry analysis, this year"s edition will put Japan"s side of an argument that has, until now, been dominated by American and European critiques. It follows another MITI report, published this week, that takes America, the European Community and other large trading partners to task for their “unfair trading practices”.外刊串讲（五）Lesson Eight Here Comes Korea, Inc.一、术语：Silicon Valley 硅谷state-of-the-art technology 最先进的技术microprocessor 微信息处理机dumping 倾销licensor 转让人insolvency 无偿还能力market forces 市场力量a hermit nation 一个闭关自守的国家fledgling industries 新兴工业nouveau riche 暴发户brain trust 智囊团technocrat 技术专家治国论者tax breaks 减税；税额优惠bankruptcy 破产xenophobia 排外；对外国人恐惧或仇视二、词语释义：delve into: make researches into is poised for: is ready forchurn out: produce in large quantities clout: influence; powerbe lost on: fail to influence or attract the attention of edge: advantageupset one"s apple cart: spoil one"s planhouse of cards: a structure, plan or situation which is too badly arranged to succeed 不可*的计划或体制the lion"s share: the largest portioncurb money market: a market for trading in securities not listed on a stock exchange 场外证券交易市场三、句子翻译：Their often helter-skelter expansion has created monopolies in many industries and resulted in widespread inefficiency; some companies are run by managers whose qualifications are limited to their family ties to the founder. And because most of this expansion has been financed through borrowed money, the chaebol have grown increasingly vulnerable to business setbacks and changes of economic climate. As a Western banker in Seoul bluntly puts it: “It"s a house of cards.” The challenge forChun is to rein in the chaebol without damaging their absolutely essential contribution to the Korean economy - and without stepping on the toes of the chaebol"s enormously powerful chieftains.Lesson Nine Prosperity Persists in the UAE一、术语：GCC (Gulf Co-operation Council) 海湾合作委员会sovereignty dispute 主权争端Ramadan 斋月carbon tax 双重税surcharge 附加税OPEC （Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ）石油输出国组织tenders 招标reexports 再出口；复出口certificate of origin 原产地证明书loss leader philosophy 亏本招徕方式二、词语释义：add weight to one"s voice: add to one"s influencehead off: preventbe forthright about: be straightforward aboutis riding high on: is having great successspin-off: derived effect; by-product 副效应；副产品show teeth: show power; show effective means of enforcement 显示威力；显示效力up for grabs: available for anyone to take or win 群起而争的；待价而沽的三、句子翻译：Dubai traders are not unduly concerned by the introduction on 21 March of an Iranian 20 percent import surcharge as they consider demand for goods to be so strong that the surcharge will have little impact. It is no coincidence that government departments in the various emirates are welcoming bids from consultants that are new to the area外刊串讲（六）Lesson Ten Freer Trade, with Luck一、术语：anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施subsidies 补贴countervailing duties 反补贴税government procurement 政府采购barriers to trade (trade barriers) 贸易壁垒intellectual property 知识资产trade liberalization 贸易自由化WTO: World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织CAP: Common Agricultural policy 共同农业政策二、词语释义：carry one"s heart in one"s boots: feel afraid and worried 提心吊胆subsidy: money granted by government to an industry to keep prices at a desired level allow for: take into considerationsnag: bog down, impede三、句子翻译：On a conservative estimate, the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world"s poorest countries) and extend competition to hitherto sheltered, and therefore backward, parts of all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. No industry in the world has been pushed further, or so needlessly, from the liberal ideal of guiding resources to their best use by means of prices set in markets.Lesson Eleven The Comeback of International Barter一、术语：convertible currency 可兑换货币cartel 卡特尔debt service 债息支付debtor 债务人creditor 债权人The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference 联合国货币金融会议IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织二、词语释义：proceeds: money gained from the sale of something 收入，收益dip into: spend; use up 动用（存款）hammer out: talk about in detail and come to a decision; produce by hard work 经详细讨论得出；经过大量工作而作出break down: collapsepay a premium for: pay a higher price for三、句子翻译：Barter endured for thousands of years as the primary means of trade. Colonial powers forced bilateral barter upon their client states, making the colonies take expensive manufactured goods in return for bargain-price raw materials, and prohibiting them from trading with other nations. International trade was supposed to be freed from bartering"s constraints in July 1944, when diplomats and economists attending the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, hammered out agreements that led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and regulation of the worldwide currency exchange system. Linking imports and exports is a way to exert power over multinational corporations. Countries that lack expertise in international marketing try to use countertrade as leverage to tap the networks of global firms.外刊串讲（七)Lesson Twelve Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle一、术语：market share 市场份额test market 试销市场coupons 赠券price promotion 价格促销hard sell 强行推销手段franchise 特许经营权二、词语释义：be spoiling for (a fight): be very eager (to fight) 一心想；切望pick on: single out, esp for sth unpleasantlive up to: keep to the high standards ofmake way for: allow room for 让位flagship brand: leading brand; chief brandwork off: dispose ofniche: a suitable placelet much to chance: let chance to decide; let luck to decide三、句子翻译：If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $3 billion a year in retail sales. The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of bottlers. The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new product. The bottlers may not go along. Much of the expense of introducing a new product—blitzing consumers with coupons and offering deep discounts to retailers to get the product on the shelves—is borne by the bottler. He is reluctant to walk away from his investment in an existing brand to pony up for something new.Lesson Thirteen Hong Kong is Tops at Cracking U.S. Shell Eggs一、术语：fast food stores 快餐店supermarket 超级市场the wet market 出售未经加工的肉、鱼、禽的市场二、词语释义：outlets: a store or dealer through which a product is marketedmonopolize: have complete control ofwholesaler: a middleman who sells goods in large quantities chiefly to retailers for resale to the public三、句子翻译：Major suppliers to the Hong Kong egg market are making greater efforts to increase the competitiveness of their products in order to maintain or expand market shares. To promote sales of Chinese eggs, the Chinese Eggs and Products Company recently held a “luck draw” — a popular promotional activity in Hong Kong — with prizes in solid gold for winning retailers. Attractive posters are designed to promote both fresh eggs and preserved Chinese eggs.。