Means of effecting persuasion
Three means: (I) to reason logically; (II) to understand human character and goodness in their various forms; (III) to understand the emotions.
classical rhetoric
•
——Aristltle
wangjia 201312081223
About Aristotle:
Aristotle was born to Greek parents in the Macedonian. Aristotle entered the academy (established by Plato) at 17 years old, and stayed as a teacher. Later he was appointed by Philip as the teacher of Alexander. Like Plato, he studies a vast array of subjects— teaching biology, politics, rhetoric, zoology(动物 学），ethics, philosophy
Necessary goods:
Doubtful goods
The opposite of evil That which is not in excess That which is competed for That which is the object of praise That which is praised by one’s enemies That chosen by the wise or good All things deliberatively chosen or wished for
The three kinds of rhetoric corresponding to three audiences
Kinds: Deliberative Forensic Epideictic Subject matter: Deliberative :exhortation and discussion Forensic: accusatory or defensive Epideictic: praise or blame Time: Deliberative: future Forensic: past Epiinition of the good Let us assume good to be whatever is desirable for it’s own sake, or for the sake of which we choose something else; that which is the aim of all things, or of all things that possess sensation or reason; or would be, if they could acquire the latter.
Three kind of speech—determined by the situation
Deliberative or political speech—intended to recommend a future course of action Epideictic or ceremonial—intended to praise or blame a current state of affairs Forensic or legal—intended to provoke judgment concerning past action
Of signs, one kind bears the same relation to the statement it supports as the particular bears to the universal, the other the same as the universal bears to the particular. The infallible kind is a “complete proof”.
Health Happiness Virtues of the soul Virtues of the body Wealth Friendship Honor Eloquence Capacity for action Natural cleverness Good memory Readiness to learn Quick-wittedness and the like
Aristotle ’demonstration s ideas and the For Aristotle, only scientific analysis of formal logic can arrive at transcendental truth,. Dialect arrives at probable knowledge,. Rhetoric then conveys the results of scientific demonstration or dialect to an audience of nonexperts by summarizing the reasoning used to arrive at these results. Rhetoric is thus a mode of inquiry for nonexperts.
Modes of proof
Rhetoric VS dialectical proof induction=example syllogism=enthymeme
Probabilities & Sighs
A probability is a thing that usually happens; not however, as some definitions would suggest, anything whatever that usually happens, but only if it belongs to the class of the “contingent” or “variable”. It bears the same relation to that in respect of which it is probable as the universal bears to the particular.
Scientific demonstration——true knowledge Dialect——probable knowledge Rhetoric——a mode of inquiry for nonexperts
The theory of rhetoric in book I
The definition of rhetoric: Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.
Modes of persuasion
Three kinds: The first kind depends on the personal character of the speaker; The second on putting the audience into a certain frame of mind; The third on the proof, provided by the words of the speech itself.
不管碰到什么事情都能发现可利用的说服手段的那种能力。 Aristotle’s rhetoric theory is conducted hierarchically. He divided it into two major categories: “artistic” proof and “inartistic” proof. 1 Artistic proof: for which the rhetorician constructs the material 2 Inartistic proof: for which the rhetorician interprets existing evidence.
Type of proofs
Inartistic proof: evidence like testimonies, contracts, knives, tortured slaves. Artistic proof: Logos—logical arguments Pathos—caused of emotion in humans Ethos—character, human goodness, virtue
End Deliberative: expedient or harmful Forensic: just or unjust Epideictic: honor or disgrace General topics Possible and impossible Past happening and future happening The more and the less