第1章化学反应中的质量关系和能量关系 习题参考答案1.解:1.00吨氨气可制取2.47吨硝酸。
2.解:氯气质量为2.9×103g 。
3.解:一瓶氧气可用天数33111-1222()(13.210-1.0110)kPa 32L9.6d 101.325kPa 400L d n p p V n p V -⨯⨯⨯===⨯⨯4.解:pV MpVT nR mR== = 318 K 44.9=℃ 5.解:根据道尔顿分压定律ii n p p n=p (N 2) = 7.6⨯104 Pap (O 2) = 2.0⨯104 Pa p (Ar) =1⨯103 Pa6.解:(1)2(CO )n = 0.114mol; 2(CO )p = 42.87 10 Pa ⨯(2)222(N )(O )(CO )p p p p =--43.7910Pa =⨯ (3)4224(O )(CO ) 2.6710Pa 0.2869.3310Pan p n p ⨯===⨯7.解:(1)p (H 2) =95.43 kPa (2)m (H 2) =pVMRT= 0.194 g 8.解:(1)ξ = 5.0 mol(2)ξ = 2.5 mol结论: 反应进度(ξ)的值与选用反应式中的哪个物质的量的变化来进行计算无关,但与反应式的写法有关。
9.解:∆U = Q p - p ∆V = 0.771 kJ 10.解: (1)V 1 = 38.3⨯10-3 m 3= 38.3L(2) T 2 =nRpV 2= 320 K (3)-W = - (-p ∆V ) = -502 J (4) ∆U = Q + W = -758 J (5) ∆H = Q p = -1260 J11.解:NH 3(g) +45O 2(g) 298.15K−−−−→标准态NO(g) + 23H 2O(g) m r H ∆= - 226.2 kJ·mol -1 12.解:m r H ∆= Q p = -89.5 kJ m r U ∆= m r H ∆- ∆nRT= -96.9 kJ13.解:(1)C (s) + O 2 (g) → CO 2 (g)m r H ∆ =m f H ∆(CO 2, g) = -393.509 kJ·mol -121CO 2(g) + 21C(s) → CO(g) m r H ∆ = 86.229 kJ·mol -1CO(g) +31Fe 2O 3(s) → 32Fe(s) + CO 2(g)m r H ∆ = -8.3 kJ·mol -1各反应m r H ∆之和m r H ∆= -315.6 kJ·mol -1。
(2)总反应方程式为23C(s) + O 2(g) + 31Fe 2O 3(s) → 23CO 2(g) + 32Fe(s) m r H ∆ = -315.5 kJ·mol -1由上看出:(1)与(2)计算结果基本相等。
所以可得出如下结论:反应的热效应只与反应的始、终态有关,而与反应的途径无关。
14.解: m r H ∆(3)= m r H ∆(2)×3-m r H ∆(1)×2=-1266.47 kJ·mol -115.解:(1)Q p =m r H ∆== 4 m f H ∆(Al 2O 3, s) -3 m f H ∆(Fe 3O 4, s) =-3347.6 kJ·mol -1(2)Q = -4141 kJ·mol -116.解:(1) m r H ∆ =151.1 kJ·mol -1 (2) m r H ∆ = -905.47 kJ·mol -1(3) m r H ∆ =-71.7kJ·mol -117.解: m r H ∆=2 m f H ∆(AgCl, s)+ m f H ∆(H 2O, l)- m f H ∆(Ag 2O, s)-2 m f H ∆(HCl, g) m f H ∆(AgCl, s) = -127.3 kJ·mol -118.解:CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) → CO 2(g) + 2H 2O(l)m r H ∆ = m f H ∆(CO 2, g) + 2 m f H ∆(H 2O, l) - m f H ∆(CH 4, g)= -890.36 kJ·mo -1 Q p = -3.69⨯104kJ第2章 化学反应的方向、速率和限度 习题参考答案1.解: m r H ∆ = -3347.6 kJ·mol -1;m r S ∆ = -216.64 J·mol -1·K -1;m r G ∆ = -3283.0kJ·mol -1 < 0该反应在298.15K 及标准态下可自发向右进行。
2.解: m r G ∆ = 113.4 kJ·mol -1 > 0该反应在常温(298.15 K)、标准态下不能自发进行。
(2) m r H ∆ = 146.0 kJ·mol -1;m r S ∆ = 110.45 J·mol -1·K -1;m r G ∆ = 68.7 kJ·mol -1 > 0该反应在700 K 、标准态下不能自发进行。
3.解: m r H ∆ = -70.81 kJ·mol -1 ;m r S ∆ = -43.2 J·mol -1·K -1; m r G ∆ = -43.9 kJ·mol -1(2)由以上计算可知:m r H ∆(298.15 K) = -70.81 kJ·mol -1; m r S ∆(298.15 K) = -43.2 J·mol -1·K -1m r G ∆ =m r H ∆ - T ·m r S ∆ ≤ 0 T ≥K)(298.15K) (298.15m r m rS H ∆∆ = 1639 K4.解:(1)c K = {}O)H ( )(CH )(H (CO) 2432c c c c p K = {}O)H ( )(CH )(H (CO) 2432p p p pK = {}{}{}{}p p p p p p p p / O)H ( /)(CH / )(H / (CO) 2432(2)c K ={}{})(NH )(H )(N 3232212c c c p K ={}{})(NH )(H )(N 3232212p p pK ={}{}pp p p p p / )(NH/)(H/)(N3232212(3)c K =)(CO 2c p K =)(CO 2p K = p p /)(CO 2 (4)c K ={}{}3232 )(H O)(H c c p K ={}{}3232 )(H O)(H p pK ={}{}3232 /)(H/O)(Hpp p p5.解:设 m r H ∆、m r S ∆基本上不随温度变化。
m r G ∆ =m r H ∆ - T · m r S ∆m r G ∆(298.15 K) = -233.60 kJ·mol -1 m r G ∆(298.15 K) = -243.03 kJ·mol -1K lg (298.15 K) = 40.92, 故 K (298.15 K) = 8.3⨯1040K lg (373.15 K) = 34.02,故 K (373.15 K) = 1.0⨯10346.解:(1) m r G ∆=2m f G ∆(NH 3, g) = -32.90 kJ·mol -1 <0该反应在298.15 K 、标准态下能自发进行。
(2) K lg (298.15 K) = 5.76, K (298.15 K) = 5.8⨯1057. 解:(1) m r G ∆(l) = 2 m f G ∆(NO, g) = 173.1 kJ·mol -11lgK =RTG 303.2)1(m f∆- = -30.32, 故1K = 4.8⨯10-31(2) m r G ∆(2) = 2m f G ∆(N 2O, g) =208.4 kJ·mol -12lgK =RTG 303.2)2(m f∆- = -36.50, 故2K = 3.2⨯10-37(3) m r G ∆(3) = 2m f G ∆(NH 3, g) = -32.90 kJ·mol -1 3lg K = 5.76, 故 3K = 5.8⨯105由以上计算看出:选择合成氨固氮反应最好。
8.解: m r G ∆ = m f G ∆(CO 2, g) - m f G ∆(CO, g)-m f G ∆(NO, g)= -343.94 kJ·mol -1< 0,所以该反应从理论上讲是可行的。
9.解: m r H ∆(298.15 K) = m f H ∆(NO, g) = 90.25 kJ·mol -1 m r S ∆(298.15 K) = 12.39 J·mol -1·K -1m r G ∆(1573.15K)≈ m r H ∆(298.15 K) -1573.15 m r S ∆(298.15 K)= 70759 J ·mol -1K lg (1573.15 K) = -2.349, K (1573.15 K) = 4.48⨯10-3 10. 解: H 2(g) + I 2(g)2HI(g)平衡分压/kPa 2905.74 -χ 2905.74 -χ 2χ22)74.2905()2(x x -= 55.3 χ= 2290.12p (HI) = 2χkPa = 4580.24 kPan =pV RT= 3.15 mol11.解:p (CO) = 1.01⨯105 Pa, p (H 2O) = 2.02⨯105 Pa p (CO 2) = 1.01⨯105 Pa, p (H 2) = 0.34⨯105 PaCO(g) + H 2O(g) → CO 2(g) + H 2(g) 起始分压/105 Pa 1.01 2.02 1.01 0.34 J = 0.168, p K = 1>0.168 = J,故反应正向进行。
12.解:(1) NH 4HS(s) → NH 3(g) + H 2S(g)平衡分压/kPa x xK ={}{}/ S)(H / )(NH 23 p p p p = 0.070 则 x = 0.26⨯100 kPa = 26 kPa 平衡时该气体混合物的总压为52 kPa(2)T 不变, K 不变。