POEM*Low dose aspirin safely reduced thrombosis in polycythaemia veraQuestion Is low dose aspirin safe and effective for the prevention of thrombotic complications in patients with polycythaemia vera?Synopsis Polycythaemia vera is associated with increased blood viscosity, which in turn leads to thrombotic complications. A previous study with high dose aspirin (900 mg/day) was unsuccessful because of a high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. In this randomised controlled (double blinded) study, 518 patients with polycythaemia, no contraindication to aspirin, and no other indication for antithrombotic therapy were randomised (allocation concealed) to aspirin 100 mg/day or matching placebo. The average red cell count was 5.9 million cells per microlitre, and most patients had a normal platelet count (range 179 000 to 63 000 cells/mm3). The two primary end points were the combination of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes, and this combination plus pulmonary embolism (PE) and major venous thrombosis. The groups were balanced at the beginning of the study, analysis was by intention to treat, and patients were followed up for a mean of three years. The study was stopped earlier than intended because of difficulty recruiting patients and lack of funding. Patients were evaluated once a year, and end points were adjudicated by two or more evaluators blinded to the treatment assignment. There was a consistent but not always statistically significant benefit to treatment. The risk of the first (2% v 4.9%; P = 0.09) and second (3.2% v 7.9%; P = 0.03) composite end points was lower in the aspirin group. Thus, you would have to treat 21 patients to avoid one non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, death fromcardiovascular causes, pulmonary embolism, or major venous thrombosis. There weretrends toward lower all cause mortality and for each of the individual clinical end points.The risk of major bleeding was similar, with three episodes in the aspirin group and two inthe placebo group, but there was a trend toward more minor bleeding in the aspirin group(20 v 12 episodes; P = 0.1).Bottom line Low dose aspirin (100 mg/day) is safe and reduces the risk of thromboticcomplications in patients with polycythaemia vera who have a normal platelet count.Level of evidence 1b (see /levels.html). Individual randomised controlledtrials (with narrow confidence interval). Landolfi R, Marchioli R, Kutti, et al. Efficacy andsafety of low-dose aspirin in polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med 2004;350:114-24..infoPOEMs 1992-2004 /informationmastery.cfm* Patient-Oriented Evidence that Matters. See editorial (BMJ 2002;325:983)阿司匹林防中风因人而异日期:2004-06-29 作者:来源:新民晚报近日国际中风大会上,芝加哥的研究人员称,通过一个小规模的研究,发现约有47%的中风患者或存在一过性脑缺血发作的患者,对阿司匹林的抗栓疗法不是很敏感,即存在阿司匹林抵抗。
该研究在59名中风患者中进行,他们在患病之前至少服用了3天阿司匹林。
结果发现,阿司匹林抵抗主要发生在服用低剂量的患者身上。
另外还发现,对于不同剂型的阿司匹林来说,肠溶型阿司匹林比非肠溶剂型更容易发生阿司匹林抵抗,分别为73%和39%。
该结果说明,对于不同的患者应该采取不同剂量和剂型的阿司匹林治疗。
(上海助医网特约编译)/wxpd/jk/jkbd/t20040629_113677.htm/lcsj/xyzl.asp?ID=8792一.阿司匹林的抗血小板作用研究表明血小板上的环氧化酶(COX-1)可作用于花生四烯酸,使其生成血栓素A2(TXA2)以及前列腺素,而阿司匹林作用于环氧化酶活化部位附近的丝氨酸-529,使其不可逆的乙酰化而发生酶的失活。
TXA2刺激血小板的聚积并诱发血栓形成。
阿司匹林通过COX-1的抑制而减少TXA2的生成,从而起到抑制血小板功能的作用。
在不稳定性心绞痛、心肌梗死、高血压甚至糖尿病患者,其血小板的TXA2合成明显增加,血小板血栓素A2受体(TP受体)的表达也增加,可见阿司匹林在这些疾病中的应用具有举足轻重的地位。
二.阿可匹林抵抗现象出现阿司匹林的心血管保护作用的不应答或抵抗现象的确切机理目前尚不十分清楚。
有研究显示肾外组织合成的血栓素A2在尿中的主要代谢产物为11-脱氢血栓素B2,在服用常规剂量(75~325mg/天) 阿司匹林的患者中其尿液里代谢产物的含量各不相同,含量较高的患者较低水平者发生心肌梗死的危险性高2倍,且与心血管有关的死亡事件也明显增加[2]。
这提示在同样使用阿司匹林的患者中,其血栓素A2合成被抑制的程度是不完全一致的,推测这种阿司匹林不能有效地抑制血栓素A2的合成可能在阿司匹林抵抗现象中起重要作用。
导致上述原因,一方面要考虑到阿司匹林的用量是否合适,另一方面是患者个体的COX-1对阿司匹林是否敏感的问题。
有作者提出不同的个体之间可能存在COX-1的单核苷酸多肽性(Single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs)的现象[3],多肽性即影响COX-1蛋白结构或构象,使其对阿司匹林产生的抑制效果的敏感性极不均一。
因为SNPs可引起氨基酸替换、启动子连接部位的变化,因而对内显子或外显子的功能均有显著的影响。
除COX-1被视为基因变异靶点外,从花生四烯酸转变成TXA2或11-脱氢血栓素B2的途中,任何基因的突变均可导致人群中阿可匹林作用敏感性的差异性。
当然SPNs与阿可匹林治疗的抵抗作用的确切关系仍需要进一步研究。
TXA2不仅是来源于血小板的COX-1的作用,同时动脉粥样硬化斑块中的巨噬细胞或单核细胞也可产生TXA2。
研究发现这些与炎症有关的细胞中有COX-2,COX-2为诱生性酶,它代谢花生四烯酸也产生TXA2与前列腺素H2。
由于COX-2是存在于有核细胞中,它与血小板(无细胞核)中的COX-1不同,COX-2被阿司匹林抑制后很快又可被诱导合成COX-2,而血小板中COX-1一旦被阿司匹林抑制后则不可再生,除非有新的血小板形成。
低剂量、甚至常规剂量的阿司匹林对炎性细胞的诱生性酶-COX-2的抑制作用可能较弱,要有效抑制COX-2的活性可能需要超常剂量的阿司匹林。
这可能也与阿司匹林抵抗有一定关系[4]。
巨噬细胞合成的前列腺素H2,可转移至血小板上,促进TXA2形成并激活血小板,巨噬细胞合成的TXA2也有直接激活血小板的作用。
三.阿司匹林抵抗的防治对策阿司匹林通过抑制COX-1而减少TXA-2及前列腺素的生成,在抗血小板及防治动脉粥样硬化中有重要作用。
但阿司匹林对一些非酶催化合成的isoprostanes(也刺激TP受体,与动脉粥样硬化的发生也密切相关)无明显效应,而TP受体拮抗剂则可阻断激活TP受体的所有途径而发挥作用。
在防治急性心血管事件中,COX-1一直被用做阿司匹林作用的靶部位,而现在看来仍然不够,巨噬细胞中COX-2也应成为干预的目标。