essential information
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546.
What is “summary”?
• A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition.
概要是一篇较长文章本质思想的简洁重 述，它要求用尽量少的语言对原文的主旨 进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更 不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的 准确再现。
…
• Nowadays
now /at present
• …an American immunologist, encourages
children to play in the dirt to build up a
strong immune system.
advise,
some
suggest,
powerful scientists expose… to hold the view
Example 1:
Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving a road can lead to less useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.
How to writing a good summary?
A. 定位 find out the essential information B. 改写 rewrite the information in your own
words C. 核查 check the sentences and add some
Don’t forget to make your summary tight!
People have changing opinions toward dirt over time. In the early 16th century, it was thought that dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill. However, people have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since the 18th century. Now, an increasing number of people hold the view that children should be exposed to the dirt to strengthen immune system.
4. 有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使完成的概
要结构紧凑。
structure (结构)
right spelling, proper punctuation
all the key points grammar, vocabulary
a good summary
tight and coherent(连贯) your own words about 60-80 words
benefit your health, keep…healthy
• …since the 18th century • …cleaning away dirt is good to health.
remove, wash…off
Doing A is good to B
It is good for B to do A
描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象
√ 说明文
+性质功用+利好”； 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。
exposition 即“问题+解决方法”；
介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即
“现象+原因+结果”
√ 议论文
论点+论据(+结论)
argumentation
2. 消减事例 （尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）
3. 省略细节
B. 改写
在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式 的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现 大规模的改变。
改写过程中，原则上字 数不超过原句，不改变 原文的逻辑结构，充分 考虑语句压缩。
1. 使用近义词或反义词
study
if
To research whether such a “sixth sense”
Now, more people hold the view that children should be exposed to the dirt to have a powerful immune system.
More and more people believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. …
• •
FInrsaEonmucreeoEp/ ueErnogpelaanndcountries
protect…from…; prevent…from…;
illness, getting ill
keep…free from
In the early 16th century, people, especially those
C.核查 核查连贯性
+ 优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、 then、later、finally、besides、 thus、therefore、yet、however） 核查标点和语法
核查字数（60-80words）
• … there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
7.基本句型间灵活转换
Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.
S+V+P
S+V+O
Dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill.
8. 特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，there be） 和正常语序句式的转化 To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker, …
Since the 18th century, people have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. People have realized that it was good for health to remove dirt since tought that…/People believed that…
• In the early 16th century, people thought that
dirt on the skin was a means to block out
disease….
S+V+P
S+V+O
2.把短语变为单词 Cleaning away dirt is good to health.
Cleaning away dirt benefits health.
3.使用广义词(general words)代替具体词 (specific words)
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks.
really exists, Robert Baker performed two
experiments.
carried out/ did/made
Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment as a journalist.
Zhou Yang will remember his first task as a reporter.
there is really a sixth sense