2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习科普知识阅读理解（1）科普知识（阅读理解）由 (xx江苏,C)改编If a diver surfaces too quickly,he may suffer the bends.Nitrogen(氮) dissolved(溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.The consequence,if the bubbles(气泡)accumulate in a joint,is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name.If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain,the consequence can be death.Other air-breathing animals also suffer this depression(减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales,for example.And so,long ago,did ichthyosaurs.That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones.If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply.This kills the cells in the bone,and consequently weakens it,sometimes to the point of collapse.Fossil(化石)bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past.What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of depression over the 150 million years.To this end,he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums,looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.When he started,he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils,reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with depression.Instead,he was astonished to discover the opposite.More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died,but not a single Triassic specimen(标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-depression means,they clearly did so quickly—and,most strangely,they lost it afterwards.But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escapea predator(捕食动物) such as a large shark.One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles,both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches.Triassic oceans,by contrast,were mercifully shark-and crocodile-free.In the Triassic,then,ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain.In the Jurassic and Cretaceous,they were prey(猎物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.1.Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?( )A.A twisted body.B.A gradual decrease in blood supply.C.A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.D.A drop in blood pressure.2.The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see .A.how often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsB.how ichthyosaurs adapted to depressionC.why ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesD.when ichthyosaurs broke their bones3.Rothschild’s finding stated in Paragraph 4 .A.confirmed his assumptionB.speeded up his research processC.disagreed with his assumptionD.changed his research objectives4.Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs .A.failed to evolve an anti-depression meansB.gradually developed measures against the bendsC.died out because of large sharks and crocodilesD.evolved an anti-depression means but soon lost it语篇解读:本篇为科普说明文,文章主要说明了鱼龙得减压病的原因和后果。

并介绍了Dr Rothschild通过研究,推翻了关于鱼龙进化的一些猜测。

答案及剖析:1.A 细节理解题。

由The consequence...is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name减压病的典型症状是身体弯曲,可知答案为A项。

2.B 推理判断题。

根据...to find out how widespread the problem was in the past.和...to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of depression...可知答案为B项。

3.C 推理判断题。

第四段开始说到...he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils...,接下来又说Instead,he was astonished to discover the opposite,由此见,研究结果和他开始的预测相反,故选C项。

4.A 推理判断题。

由倒数第二段的If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-depression means...But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.可知,Dr Rothschild并不认可鱼龙的抗减压进化途径,故A项正确。

【疑难词汇解读】evolve vt.使发展,设计,发出Maize evolved from a wild grass in Mexico.玉米是从墨西哥的一种野生禾本植物进化而来的。

【长难句子分析】开始时,他假设弯曲的迹象在年小的化石中较少见,这也反应出了他们对付减压的措施的逐渐进化。

阅读理解。

阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。

【xx·湛江市普通高考测试一】When you make a mistake，big or small，cherish it as it’s the most precious thing in the world.Most of us feel bad when we make mistakes，beat ourselves up about it，feel like failures，and get mad at ourselves.And that’s only natural：Most of us have been taught from a young age that mistakes are bad，and we should try to avoid mistakes.We’ve been scolded when we make mistakes—at home，school and work.Maybe not always，but probably enough times to make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction.Yet without mistakes，we could not learn or grow.If you think about it that way，mistakes should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world：They make learning possible；they make growth and improvement possible.By trial and error—trying things，making mistakes，and learning from those mistakes—we have figured out how to make electric lights，to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel，and to fly.Mistakes make walking possible for the smallest toddler，make speech possible，and make works of genius possible.Think about how we learn：We don’t just consume information about something and instantly know it or know how to do it.You don’t just read about painting，or writing，or puter programming，or baking，or playing the piano，and know how to do them fight away.Instead，you get information about something，from reading or from another person or from observing usually...then you construct a model in your mind...then you test it out by trying it in the real world...then you make mistakes...then you revise the model based on the results of your real world experimentation...and repeat，making mistakes，learning from those mistakes，until you’ve pretty much learned how to do something.That’s how we learn as babies and toddlers，and how we learn as adults.Mistakes are how we learn to do something new—because if you succeed in something，it’s probably something you already knew how to do.You haven’t really grown much from that success—at most it’s the last step on your journey，not the whole journey.Most of the journey is made up of mistakes，if it’s a good journey.So if you value learning，if you value growing and improving，then you should value mistakes.They are amazing things that make a world of brilliance possible. 1．Why do most of us feel bad about making mistakes?A．Because mistakes make us suffer a lot.B．Because it’s a natural part in our life.C．Because we’ve been taught so from a young age.D．Because mist akes have ruined many people’s careers.2．According to the passage，what is the right attitude to mistakes?A．We should try to avoid making mistakes.B．We should owe great inventions mainly to mistakes.C．We should treat mistakes as good chances to learn.D．We should make feeling bad about mistakes an unconscious reaction.3．The underlined word “toddler” in Paragraph 6 probably means________.A．a small child learning to walkB．a kindergarten child learning to drawC．a primary pupil learning to readD．a school teenager learning to write4．We can learn from the passage that________.A．most of us can really grow from successB．growing and improving are based on mistakesC．we learn to make mistakes by trial and errorD．we read about something and know how to do it right away5．The author wants to tell us________.A．what you should do when meeting with difficultiesB．where you can find your mistakesC．how you can avoid making mistakesD．why you should celebrate your mistakes语篇解读本文是一篇说明文，主要说明错误是生活中不可避免的事情，我们应该正确对待错误，在修正错误中不断地学习和成长。