二、自由主义的创始人洛克
（一）洛克的政治思想
2.自然状态：我们对于身体与自由的权力是绝 对的。 By nature, individuals are free, equal, and self-governing. Most fundamentally, we each have a right to our bodies and our lives: they constitute the most inalienable form of property. Our rights to life and liberty are absolute.
二、自由主义的代表人物
（二）亚当斯密的政治思想
1.个人的恶与公共的善Private vice, public virtue ，
A 无数个人追求自我利益的自发行动累积在 一起，就成为人类共同体之有效的、繁荣的与 自由的形式。
Liberalism (from the Latin liberalis, suitable for a free man) is the belief in the importance of individual freedom.
二、自由主义的代表人物
（一）洛克的政治思想
1.洛克思考的出发点：自由和理性的个人为什 么要建立国家？ Why would free and rational individuals choose to empower a state if state irresistibly mean police, tion（兵役）, and taxes?
（一）洛克的政治思想
3.个人的财产权也是绝对的。 When an individual changes a natural object into a human artifact by investing labor into it—say by transforming a wooden log into a table—more has happen than an objective changes in the wood’s form. Prior to the creation of public authority, the normal state of affairs is one in which property, created by individuals investing their labor into unowned objects, is broadly recognized as belonging to specific persons.
二、自由主义的创始人洛克
（一）洛克的政治思想
5. 国家的权力是有限的。
When individuals enter a political community, they do not surrender their natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Legitimate government is limited —limited by the individual rights of those it has been created to serve. Rights are always individual rights. Because rights derive from the property we each have in our own lives and bodies, they must always inhere in specific persons.
2.法律意义上的自由 公民在法律规定的范围内，其自己的意志活 动有不受限制的权利。如言论自由，集会结 社自由之类均属之。 3.哲学意义上的自由 人认识了事物发展的规律并有计划地把它运 用到实践中去。哲学上所谓自由，是指对必 然的认识和对客观世界的改造。
（二）什么是自由主义
自由主义是认同个人自由之重要 性的一种思想。
二、自由主义的创始人洛克
（一）洛克的政治思想
4.国家的作用是什么？
Whether because of genuine conflict over ownership, or as the result of willful misappropriation, or out of simple negligence, individuals will at times feel that their property has been wrongfully taken from them. Public authority comes into being in order to deal with this latent, ever-present peril. Much like a referee at a sporting match, the state is charged with guaranteeing that the rules of the game are honored.
现代西方政治思潮
拓展知识
一
古典自由主义
一、什么是自由与自由主义？
（一）政治学/法律/哲学意义上的自由
1.政治学意义上的自由
自由是一种个人有权根据他/她自己的意愿行 动的状态,并且与个人免于外在压制或强迫有 关。
Liberty identifies the condition in which an individual has the right to act according to his or her own will， and it is related to the freedom of the individual from outside compulsion or coercion.