一、简述1、Foreignization vs domestication异化和归化(外化与本土化)Foreignization: SL (Second language) culture or author oriented;Domestication: TL (target language) culture or reader oriented（1）异化：转达原文意思的时候，使译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文一致起来，能完全对等的就完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等。
The SL dominates.优点：保留的原文的文化意象，目的是使译文保持原文的语言风格，向译文读者介绍源语文化，并丰富译入语及文化。
（2）归化：两种语言在表达上出现意象不同，但意义基本一致，翻译时用译入语的文化意象来取代原文里的文化意象，或用译入语现有的词汇来翻译。
The TL dominates.特点：归化翻译采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语言的文化价值，把原作者带入译入语文化。
2、直译与意译：Literal translation vs free translation（1）Literal translation（直译）means that the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents. （form；manner）（2）Free translation（意译）reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. (meaning; content)Both of them should be applied.3、英汉两种语言的差异与影响（1）Hypotaxis vs Parataxis形合与意合English is compact. Its syntax is very stiff and inflexible. English syntax emphasizes hypotaxis , which means clauses, sentences, even some parts of phrases are joined by connectives. Its structure is well-knit.Chinese is concise; its syntax is very flexible. Chinese syntax emphasizes parataxis, which means sentences, clauses are joined by meaning instead of by connectives.（2）Static vs DynamicInChinese, verbs are used frequently than nouns, connectives are seldom used.In English, nouns are frequently used than verbs, connectives, prepositions are frequently used.（3）Substitutive vs RepetitiveIn English, pronouns are often used while in Chinese, content words are frequently repeated.（4）Impersonal vs personalAn English sentence often contains subject, but sentences without subject are often found in Chinese.（5）Tense : Tense: Synthetic vs AnalyticE: Synthetic （综合性）language and 16 tenses;C: Analytic（分析性）language and no tensesEnglish verbs are used in various tenses while Chinese verbs keep unchanged with tenses expressed by adding adverbs or auxiliary words.（6）Voice: passive vs activePassive voice is widely used in English language. Almost all the transitive verbs and part of intransitive verbal phrases can be used in passive voice.Chinese are prone to active structures.（7）Different function words (功能词) or structure words (结构词)（8）The positions of adverbs, adverbial phrase, clause is somewhat different between English and Chinese.In English, adverbs are often found in front position or at the back of sentence.In Chinese, they are in middle position between subject and predicate.二、翻译句子1、英译汉2、汉译英三、翻译段落1、英译汉2、汉译英（1）YouthYouth is not a time of life—it is a state of mind. It is not a matter of red cheeks, red lips and supple knees. It is a temper of the will; a quality of the imagination; a vigor of the emotions; it is a freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over a life of ease.青春不是一段生命(年华)，而是一种心态/境。
青春不是粉嫩的脸颊（红颜？），不是鲜红的嘴唇（朱唇），不是灵活的腿脚/身板，而是坚韧的意志、超凡的想象和澎湃的激情；她是生命深泉汩汩而出的清新活力。
青春意味着战胜怯懦的勇气和摒弃安逸(崇尚冒险)的无畏精神/青春意味着勇气战胜懦弱(怯懦)，青春意味着进取战胜安逸。
This often exists in a man of fifty, more than in a boy of twenty. Nobody grows old by merely living a number of years; people grow old by deserting their ideals.一个五十岁的人往往可能比一个二十岁的人更充满生机。
人们不是因为年事增长而变老，而是因为放弃理想而失去生机/年岁有加，并不垂老；理想丢弃，才入暮年。
青春是心境而非年华。
青春不是美颜、红唇或柔肢，而是坚韧的意志、丰富的想象、充沛的情感以及清澈的生命之泉。
青春是无视怯弱的豪迈之勇，是渴望不凡的高尚品味。
其现于知命男子多于弱冠青年。
衰老源自理想之泯灭而非岁月之流逝。
Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, doubt, self-distrust, fear and despair— these are the long, long years that bow the head and turn the growing spirit back to dust.岁月在皮肤上刻下皱纹，而激情泯灭则会使心灵之花枯萎。
日复一日，年复一年，忧虑、疑惑、畏缩/自卑、恐惧和绝望使人垂头丧气，意志消沉/激情泯灭。
年岁致老，仅至肌肤；热情冷却，老至灵魂。
岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓唐必至灵魂。
Whether seventy or sixteen, there is in every being’s heart a love of wonder; the sweet amazement at the stars and star-like things and thoughts; the undaunted challenge of events, the unfailing childlike appetite for what comes next, and the joy in the game of life.无论是七十岁还是十六岁，每个人的心中都应充满对奇迹的渴望，对星星和像星星一样的事物和思想的美好憧憬；勇敢挑战任何困难，对未来充满孩童般无穷的好奇，享受生命旅程的美景。
不论年近古稀，抑或年华正茂，人人心中皆存追求：或是对奇迹的期盼，或是对繁星般闪着光华之事物的炽爱，或是对生活的无畏挑战，或是对未来单纯童真的期冀，亦或对人生旅途美景的欣赏。
You are as young as your faith, as old as your doubt；as young as your self-confidence, as old as your fear；as young as your hope, as old as your despair.信念让人年轻，疑虑使人衰老；自信让青春永驻，恐惧使衰老提前；希望让青春灿烂，绝望使人生暗淡。
青春与信念相伴，衰老与疑虑相依；青春与自信牵手，衰老与恐惧相随；青春与希望相拥，衰老与绝望同行。
（2）多年以前，我还是个小学童，我们班的老师是个戴眼镜的老古板，虽说样子很凶，但其实心地善良。
关于他的回忆给了我灵感，让我想到了这本书的标题。
但凡教室里突然爆发出欢快的喧闹声，他总会拿着一根小竹棍把我们赶回座位，带着挑衅的口吻大喊道：怎么样，还有谁要干更蠢的事？凭我的经验判断，有不少过于宽容的读者现在很善意地对我抱有同样的期望态度了。