2.3 sub-branches of linguistics
• • • • • • phonetics(语音学） Phonology(音系学） Morphology(形态学，语素学） Syntax(句法学） Semantics(语义学） Pragmatics(语用学）：meaning in uS performance (by Chomsky) • One: One’s knowledge of his native language, esp, the system of rules. • One:the actual speaking, or what is said at a specific situation. like driving/swimming • Langue: sociological, competence: pshychological.
2 synchronic L VS diachronic L
• Synchronic Linguistics(共时语言学): study a language at a particular pointor stage at time. • Diachronic Linguistics(历时语言学) or historical L(历史语言学): • Study the historical development of a Lg and rules of language change.
The meaning of “grammar”
• • • • • Grammar: syntactic rules(句法规则) Grammar: linguistic theory(语言理论) What is language: System, arbitrary, productive, langu/parole, Competence/performance, ……..
• 3 theoretical linguistics VS applied linguistics(应用语言学): • theoretical Linguistics: general theory of language: • applied Linguistics: apply the theory of language to all practical problems or tasks. •
• 3, synchronic VS diachronic(by Sussure 素绪耳) • The study and desscription of Lg at a point or stage in time • The studies the change of language over a period of time. • Linguistics mainly focus on synchronic study.
Brief history of linguistics
• Traditional grammar: prescriptive(规定性) Modern linguistics: descriptive(描写性)(所有语 言平等) de Saussure(素绪耳): the father of modern linguistics. structural linguistics: Lg structure transformational generative grammar(转换生 成语法) : Noam Chomsky(乔姆斯基) systemic-functional grammar(系统功能语法): M. A. K. Halliday(韩礼德): function, meaning
• 4 speech VS writing:speech is more important than language for: • children learn speech earlier, • Speech is used more often than writing • Speech is used much earlier than writing by human beings, • Writing is derived from speech.
2.4 some distinctions
• 1 langue VS parole(Lg VS speech): • One: the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of speech community. • One: the concrete act of speaking in an actual situation by a individual speaker: • Abstract, stable, systematic VS specific,subject to personal and situaltional constraints
• • •
毛泽东 叫我们 下乡. 邓小平 …….. 下海. 江泽民 ……... 下岗
• 7. verbal communication(言语交际) VS non-verbal communication(非言语交际): • The use of language to communicate with each other. • The use of other means except Lg is non-verbal communcation: gesture, distance, body language.
• 4, microlinguistics(微观语言学) VS macrolinguistics(宏观语言学) • One deals with the structures, rules, principles of language: 语音学,句法学,语 义学) • One studies everything related to language:社会，心理、大脑、文体、人种、 语言政策…..
summary
•
langue VS parole • competence VS performance • synchronic VS diachronic • syntagmatic paradigmatic
• • speech VS writing linguistic behaviour potential VS actual linguistic behaviour verbal communication VS non-verbal one
• In the broad sense(广义), AP refers to all the aplication to the solution of all the possible problems, like machine translation • In its narrow sense, AP refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching,esp, foreign language teaching.
Chapter 2:Linguistics
The scope of linguistics
• 1 What is linguistics: It is a scientific study of language:structure,history,function, • mechanism,rules, principles…. • It is scientific in that the study is systematic and objective(客观)
• 5 comparative historical linguistics(历 史比较语言学）VS contrastive linguistics(对比语言学） • One studies the origin and the historical development of some related languages, like the Indo-European language. • One studies the similarities and differences of two or more languages.
Guiding principles
• 1 consistency(一致性): No contradiction(矛盾）in the theory or description. • 2,adequacy(充分性）:the theory or description should cover all the relevant data. • 3 simplicity(简洁，简单）：the rule or principle should be brief and simple, easy to understand.
• 5 linguistic behaviour potential(潜势) VS actual linguistic behaviour by Halliday: • What a speaker can say VS what he actually says.
• 6. syntagmatic relation(组合关系) VS paradigmatic relation(聚合关系): • The horizontal(水平的)sequential(序 列)linear relation between elements in a sentence, “ I like John” • The vertical(垂直)substitutional relation at a particular place in a structure or sentence, I like John/Mary/Bill/Tony.