Lesson 16 Speech MakingTeaching Aim and RequirementAimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methodsPPt, interact between teacher & studentAssignmentsWhat are the essentials of an effective speechHow to overcome nervousnessTeaching proceduresIntroductionWhat is public speaking•Public speaking, as its name implies, is a way of making your ideas public – of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people.A Brief Introduction to public speakingI. How to Prepare a Speech•Stating Your Objectives：◇inform◇train◇persuade◇sell•Analyzing Your AudienceWhat to learn about the audienceTheir opinions and levels of prior knowledge of your subject ; their likely bias, both personal and professionalhow do you learn itAsk the person who has invited you to speak. Find out what the occasion is and if there is a program theme.•Choosing a Speech Topic and the Speech ThemeSix Criteria1. The topic should be interesting to you.2. It should be interesting to your audience or at least be capable of beingmade interesting to them.3. It should be appropriate to the situation.4. It should be appropriate to the time available.5. It should be manageable.6. It should be worthwhile. Don't waste your audience’s time.•Gathering and Selecting Appropriate Materialsconvincing materialsseven major types of materials: descriptions and explanations, statistics, examples, testimony, comparison and contrast, repetition and restatement, and visuals. guidelines•Outlining Your Speechguidelines:1. Write and label your specific purpose at the top of your outline.2. Indicate main ideas, points, sub-points, and supporting materialsproperly.3. Use at least two subdivisions, if any, for each point.Using subdivisions helps you give attention to all the points you want to say.4. Label the introduction, main body and conclusion.II. How to Write a Great Speech•Organizing the Body of the SpeechA.The IntroductionA. It should introduce the topic. providing background information, definitionsexplanations, etc.B. Generally it should contain the thesis statement.C. It should be interesting enough to make the listener want to continue listening.Anecdotes, shocking statistics, quotes, and rhetorical questionsD. It should indicate how your topic will be developed.E. tell your listeners WHY they should listen to you; such as how they will benefit.F. include the method of organization that you will follow. This helps the listenerprepare for what you are going to say and help them organize the information.An effective introduction•Creates a favorable first impression with the audience•Boosts a speaker’s self-confidenceGaining attention•relate the topic to the audience•State the importance of the topic•Startle the audience•Arouse the curiosity of the audience•Question the audience•Begin with quotation•Tell a story•Using visual aids•…Reveal the topic•Clearly states the speech topic•Establish the credibility and goodwill of the speakerPreview the body•Tells audience what to listen for in the rest•Provide a smooth lead-in•Present special informationB.Main Bodya. Each main point discusses one aspect of the thesis.b. The main points should be linked with clear transitions so as to give thebody coherence and unity.C. ConclusionA conclusion can restate the thesis.A conclusion can restate the main points.A conclusion can call for some sort of action (particularly in a persuasive piece)A conclusion can highlight areas for further research.A conclusion can suggest results or consequences.A conclusion can remind the audience of the importance of the informationpresented.The speaker can thank the audience for their attention.A conclusion should NEVER bring up a new topic.A speaker should NEVER apologize for their information. The last thing you want tohappen is for the audience to question your credibility.2 functions of conclusion•Signal the end of the speech•Reinforce the audience’s understanding of the speech•Using Speech LanguageA. Using Language AccuratelyB. Use Language ClearlyC. Use language VividlyIII. How to Deliver a Great Speech•Physical Delivery1. postureA public speaker should look comfortable, confident and prepared to speak.In posture, the two extremes to avoid are rigidity and sloppiness.2. facial expressionsYour facial expression must match what you are saying.3. movementa. Never turn your back on the audience while you are speaking.b. If you move about on the stage, make your movements purposeful.c. Be aware of all potential obstacles on the stage.4. gestures5. Eye contactLet your gaze move over each member of the audiencedon’t choose one person and look fixedly at him or her.avoid the temptation to look over the heads of your audience or to hold your notes in front of your face.6. AppearanceThe way you dress and present yourselfDress appropriately to the audience•Vocal DeliveryVocal delivery refers to the use of your voice to convey your message.1. rateRate is the speednot too slowly or too quickly. Varying your rate can be critical.2. pausetemporary stopspause before and after a major point. You can use pauses to illustrate that you are changing from one point to another. You can use pauses for emphasis3. volumeVolume refers to how loud one speaksSpeak too soft Speak too loudchanging the volume at certain points emphasize important ideas.Raising your voice lowering your voice4. pitchPitch refers to the high or low quality of your voice.Volume is measured in terms of loudness.The pitch of your voice in public speaking refers to the “excitement” or “enthusiasm” level in your voice.pitch can be raised and lowered for emphasis.vary your pitch.5. Pronunciation6. articulation : not slur, speak clearlyIV. How to Analyze and Evaluate Speech•three “M”s: matter, manner and method.Speaking to PersuadeI. Persuasion: a Psychological process• A. Persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging.•(controversial topics, involving values and beliefs; listeners’ own ideas)• B. Listeners: mental give-and-take•(listeners: assessment on speakers)II. The Target Audience•The part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach with his message. Agree and disagree audience•Adapt the speech to the values and concerns of the TA•Do not exclude other listenersIII. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence•Monroe's motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action.•Alan H. Monroe (Purdue University) 1930s•what creates makes a motivational speech actually motivating.• a 5-step method for organizing motivational speeches.Get the attention of your audience using a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quotations, etc.. Hey! Listen to me, I have a PROBLEM!Show that the problem about which you are speaking exists, that it is significant, and that it won't go away by itself. Use statistics, examples, etc.Convince your audience that there is a need for action to be taken.. Let me EXPLAIN the problem..You present your plan and show how it will work. Be sure to offer enough details about the plan.. But, I have a SOLUTION!Tell the audience what will happen if the solution is implemented or does not take place. Be visual and detailed.. If we IMPLEMENT my solution, this is what will happen..Tell the audience what action they can take personally to solve the problem.Say exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it.. You can help me in this specific way. Are YOU willing to help meAdvantage of MMS•It emphasizes what the audience can do. Monroe's motivated sequence emphasizes the action the audience can take.•Sample Speech：The Ultimate GiftIV. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact• A. seek to persuade audience to accept the speaker’s view o f the facts on a particular issue.. Will the economy be better or worse next year• B. different from an informative speechIS: give information as impartially as possible ≠ argue for a point of viewPS: persuade the audience to accept the speaker’s vie w about the information . In a trial lawyer jury guilt / innocent defendantV. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value• A. Judgments based on a person’s beliefs about what’s right or wrong• B. 2 steps:1. define the standards for value judgments2. judge the subject of the speech against the standards.VI. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy• A. deal with specific courses of action: involve questions of fact and value; go beyond that• B. 2 types:1. gain passive agreement that a policy is desirable, necessary & practical2. motivate the audience to take immediate action• C. 3 basic issues – need, plan & practicality1. need: (no) need for a change2. a specific plan: solve the need3. practicality: Plan: workable, solve the need without creating newproblemsVII. Methods of PersuasionA.Building credibility– 1. Credibility affected by: competence & charactercompetence: speaker’s intelligence, expertise & knowledge of the subjectcharacter: spea ker’s sincerity, trustworthiness– 2. 3 types of credibility: initial credibility; derived credibility; terminal ~– 3. 3 strategies to ↑credibility:a. explaining their competenceb. establishing common ground with the audiencec. delivering speeches fluently, expressively and with convictioning Evidence– 1. examples, statistics, testimony– 2. 4 tips to use evidence effectively: use specific evidence; novel ~; use ~ from credible sources; make clear the point of the ~C.Reasoning–Reasoning: the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence–use reasoning from specific instances–use reasoning from principle–use analogical reasoning, ×casual reasoningD.Emotions Appeals– 1. Emotions Appeals (motivational appeals): make listeners feel sad, happy, angry, fearful, etc.– 2. 3 ways: with emotionally charged language; with vivid examples;speak with sincerity and conviction。