1. The American Transcendentalists formed a club called ________the Transcendental Club2. _______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism.Washington Irving3. At nineteen __________ published in his brother 's newspaper, his"Jonathan Oldstyle" satires of New York life.4. In Washington Irving 's work _______________ appeared the first modern shortstories and the first great American juvenile literature. The SketchBook5. The first important American novelist was ____________ .James FenimoreCooper6. James Fenimore Cooper 's novel _______________ was a rousing tale aboutespionage against the British during the Revolutionary War. The Spy 7. The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was ____________ .The Pilot8. "To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of _____________ _'s work; it has beencalled by an eminent English critic “ the most perfect brief poem in the lan guage . ”William Cullen Bryant9. ______________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in theworld literature.10. E dgar Allan Poe 's poem _______________ is perhaps the best example ofonomatopoeia in the English language. The Bells11. E dgar Allan Poe's poem ____________ was published in 1845 as the title poemof a collection. The Raven12. F rom Henry David Thoreau 's Concord jail experience, came his famous essay . CivilDisobedienceBy the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant.In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists. At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a "flowering of NewEngland".Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.No other American poet ever surpassed Edgar Allan Poe 's ability in the use of English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories . Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he never applied the term " Transcendentalist" to himself or tohis beliefs and ideas .In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published his first book, Nature, which met with a mild reception.Ralph Waldo Emerson's prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. The harsh rhythms and striking images of Ralph Waldo Emerson 's poetry appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's writings belong to the milder aspects of the Romantic Movement.American romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works.Ralph Waldo Emerson 's aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.Henry David Thoreau was an active Transcendentalist. He was by no means an "escapist" or a recluse, but was intensely involved in the life of his day.The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.2. Transcendentalism took their ideas from __________ .A. the romantic literature in EuropeB. neo-PlatonismC. German idealistic philosophyD. the revelations of oriental mysticismABCD8. Transcendentalists recognized ___________ as the "highest power of thesoul . ”A. intuition 10. Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New EnglandA. TranscendentalismB. HumanismC. NaturalismD. UnitarianismD13. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature, evident in _________________ .A. James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking TalesB. Henry David Thoreau 's WaldenC. Mark Twain 's Huckleberry FinnD. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet LetterABC14. A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of , and a host of lesser writers.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Herman MelvilleD. Mark TwainABC16. In the nineteenth century America, Romantics often shared certain general characteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following.A. moral enthusiasmB. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC. adoration for the natural worldD. presumption about the corrosive effect of human societyABCD17. Choose Washington Irving' s works from the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Bracebridge HallC. Tales of a TravellerD. A History of New YorkABCD18. In James Fenimore Cooper's novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic appeal , come the two noble red men. Choose them from the following.A. the Mohican Chief ChingachgookB. UncasC. Tom JonesD. Kubla KhanABIn 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the bestpoet __________ to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan PoeC To a Waterfowl Thanatopsis21. From the following, choose the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe.A. To HelenB. The RavenC. Annabel LeeD. The BellsABCD23. Edgar Allan Poe's first collection of short stories is __________ .D. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque24. From the following, choose the characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emerson's poetry.A. being highly individualB. harsh rhythmsC. lack of form and polishD. striking imagesABCD25. Which book is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Representative MenB. English TraitsC. NatureD. The RhodoraD26. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Of StudiesB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Divinity School AddressA30. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.A. Young Goodman BrownB. The Great Stone FaceC. The AmbitiousGuest ABCDD. Ethan BrandE. The Pearl32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne ______________ in American literature.A. the largest brain with the largest heart34. _________ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay amongthe Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the" man who lived among cannibals". Typee37. In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentiallyPuritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did __________________ .A. Puritanism"The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere". This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England ______ Transcendentalism43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. Nature45. _______ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s beliefthat "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones" and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.A. The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC. The Blithedale RomanceD. Young Goodman BrownBOnce upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some onegently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "Tis some visitor," I muttered,"tapping at my chamber doorOnly this, and nothing more. "Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.Edgar Allan PoeThe RavenDescribe the mood of this poem : A sense of melancholy over the death of abeloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird.Work 3: Nuture1. As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulatesynthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if his firm belief in the transcendence of the "Oversoul". His emphasis on the spirit runsthrough virtually all his writings. " Philosophically considered," he states in Nature, which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, "the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. " He sees the world as phenomenal, and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. "Itbeholds the whole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of countryand religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for thecontemplation of the soul. " He regards nature as thepurest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a directintuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In this connection, Emerson' semotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one. Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of "ecstasy" which he records thus in his Nature:2. Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted intoinfinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.3. Now this is a moment of "conversion" when one feels completely merged with theoutside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscience of the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits of individuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spiritpervading everywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. The world proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. "The Universal Being" is in point of fact the Oversoul that he never stopped talking about for the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul isgraphically illustrated in such famous statements; "Each mind lives in the Grand mind," "There in one mind common to all individual men," and "Man is conscious ofa universal soul within or behind his individual life." In his opinion, man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him.This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in thesoul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.4. This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that theindividual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the "infinitude of the privates man. " He tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his own existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. " Know then that the world exists for you " he says. "Build therefore your own world. " "Trust thy self!" and "Make thyself!" Trust your own discretion and the world is yours. Thus, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest, "Emerson' s message was eventually (to use a telegraphic abbreviation) self-reliance. " Emerson' s eye was on man as he could be or could become; he was in the main optimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of society. Hence hisfamous remark, "I ask for the individuals, not thenation. " Emerson ' s self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of thebuoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson ' s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democraticindividualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as "Power", "Wealth", andThe "Napoleon" (in his Representative Men ) reveal his ambivalence towardaggressiveness and self-seeking.5. To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic andevolutionary. Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. " Nature is the vehicle of thought," and " particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts. " Thus Emerson' s world was one of multiple significance; everything bears a second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, " Nature is the symbol of spirit."That is probably why he called his first philosophical work Nature rather ihananything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon thesimplicity and purity of his character; "The lover of nature is he who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. " To him nature is a wholesomemoral influence on man and his character. A natural implication of Emerson' s view on nature is that the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates theceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man.The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublimeimage of man himself.。