Flight simulator (飞行模拟器 refers to any electronic or mechanical system for training airplane and spacecraft pilots and crew member by simulating flight conditions. The purpose of simulation is not to completely substitute (1 actual flight training but to thoroughly familiarize students with the vehicle (2 before they (3 extensive and possibly dangerous actual flight training. Simulations also is useful for review and for familiarizing pilots with new (4 to existing craft. Two early flight simulators appeared in England within a decade after the first flight of Orville and Wilbur Wright. They were designed to enable pilots to simulate simple aircraft (5 in three dimensions, nose up or down; left wing high and right low, or vice versa; and (6 to left or right. It took until 1929, however , for a truly effective simulator, the Link Trainer, to appear, devised by Edwin A. Link, a self-educated aviator and inventor from Binghamton , New York. (7 airplane instrumentation had been developed sufficiently to permit "blind" flying on instruments alone, but training pilots to do so involved (8 risk. Link built a model of an airplane cockpit equipped (9 instrument panel and controls that could realistically simulate all the movements of an airplane. Pilots could use the device for instrument training, manipulating the controls (10 instrument readings so as to maintain straight and level flight or (11 climb or descent with no visual reference (12 any horizon except for the artificial one on the instrument panel. The trainer was modified (13 aircraft technology advanced. Commercial airlines began to use the Link Trainer for pilot training, and the US government began purchasing them in 1934, (14 thousands more as World War II approached.Technological advances during the war, particularly in electronics, helped to make the flight simulator increasingly (15 The use of efficient analog computers in the early 1950s led to further improvements. Airplane cockpits , controls , and instrument displays had by then become so inpidualized that it was no longer feasible to use a generalized trainer to prepare pilots to fly anything (16 the simplest light planes. By the 1950s , the US Air Force was using simulators that precisely (17 the cockpits of its planes. During the early 1960s (18 digital and hybrid computers were adopted , and their speed andflexibility revolutionized simulation systems. Further advances in computer and (19 technology , notably the development of virtual-reality simulation, have made it possible to (20 highly complex real-life conditions.1. A. forB. toC. withD. on2. A. concerningB. concernC. being concernedD. concerned3. A. undertakeB. undergoC. underplayD. underuse 4. A. modelsB. modificationsC. modifiersD. modica5. A. manifestationsB. manipulationsC. manifestoesD. maneuvers 6. A. yawlingB. yawningC. yawingD. yawping7. A. From then onB. From now onC. By nowD. By then8. A. considerableB. considerateC. consideringD. considered 9. A. forB. inC. withD. on10. A. on the part ofB. on the basis ofC. on the track ofD. on the verge of 11. A. controlB. controllableC. controlledD. controller 12. A. toB. forC. onD. in13. A. as forB. as toC. asD. for14. A. acquiring B. requiringC. sustainingD. retaining15. A. actualB. realisticC. realizingD. true16. A. exceptB. except forC. apart fromD. but17. A. replenishedB. replacedC. replicatedD. reposed18. A. electronicB. electricC. electricityD. electron19. A. programB. programmableC. programmedD. programming20. A. resurrectB. reproduceC. resuscitateD. resumeADBBD CDACB CACAB DCADBPainting, the execution of forms and shapes on a surface by means of pigment, has been continuously practiced by humans for some 20,000 years. Together with other activities (1_____ ritualistic in origin but have come to be designated as artistic (such as music or dance, painting was one of the earliest ways in which man (2_____ to express his own personality and his (3_____ understanding of an existence beyond the material world. (4_____ music and dance, however, examples of early forms of painting have survived to the present day. The modern eye can derive aesthetic as well as antiquarian satisfaction (5_____ the 15,000-year-old cave murals of Lascaux -- some examples(6_____ to the considerable powers of draftsmanship of these early artists. And painting, like other arts, exhibits universal qualities that (7_____ for viewers of all nations and civilizations to understand and appreciate.The major (8_____ examples of early painting anywhere in the world are found in Western Europe and the Soviet Union. But some 5,000 years ago, the areas in which important paintings were executed (9_____ to the eastern Mediterranean Sea and neighboring regions. (10_____, Western shared a European cultural tradition-- the Middle East and Mediterranean Basin and, later, the countries of the New World.Western painting is in general distinguished by its concentration (11_____ the representation of the human (12_____, whether in the heroic context of antiquity or the religious context of the early Christian and medieval world. The Renaissance (13_____ this tradition through a (14_____ examination of the natural world and an investigation of balance, harmony, and perspective in the visible world, linking painting (15_____ the developing sciences of anatomy and optics. The first real (16_____ from figurative painting came with the growth of landscape painting in the 17th and 18th centuries. Thelandscape and figurative traditions developed together in the 19th century in an atmosphere that was increasingly (17_____ "painterly" qualities of the (18_____ of light and color and the expressive qualities of paint handling. In the 20th century these interests (19_____ to the development of a third major tradition in Western painting, abstract painting, which sought to (20_____ and express the true nature of paint and painting through action and form. 1.A. may have beenB. that may haveC. may haveD. that may have been2.A. seekB. soughtC. seek forD. sought for3.A. emergingB. emergencyC. mergingD. merger4.A. AsB. UnlikeC. LikeD. Since5.A. fromB. toC. intoD. for6.A. ratifyB. testifyC. certifyD. gratify 7.A. make easyB. make it easyC. make hardD. make it hard 8.A. extinctB. extentC. extantD. exterior 9.A. had shiftedB. have shiftedC. shiftingD. shifted 10.A. NeverthelessB. MoreoverC. HoweverD. Therefore 11.A. toB. inC. onD. for12.A. figureB. shapeC. shadowD. form13.A. extractedB. extendedC. extortedD. extruded 14.A. closingB. closeC. closedD. closure15.A. onB. forC. inD. to16.A. breakB. breakageC. breakdownD. breaking 17.A. concerned withB. concerningC. concerning withD. concerned for 18.A. reactionB. actionC. interactionD. relation 19.A. distributedB. attributedC. contributedD. construed 20.A. discoverB. uncoverC. recoverD. cover1.D2. B3. A4. B5. A6. B7. B8. C9. D 10. D 11. C 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. D16. A 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. BAesthetic thought of a distinctively modern bent emerged during the 18th century. The western philosophers and critics of this time devoted much attention to such matters (1_____ natural beauty, the sublime, and representation -- a trend reflecting the central position they had given to the philosophy of nature. (2_____ that time, however, the philosophy of art has become ever more (3_____ and has begun to (4_____ the philosophy of nature. Various issues (5_____ to the philosophy of art have had a (6_____ impact (7_____ the orientation of 20th-century aesthetics. (8_____ among these are problems relating to the theory of art as form and (9_____ the distinction between representation and expression. Still another far-reaching question has to do with the value of art. Two opposing theoretical positions (10_____ on this issue: one holds that art and its appreciation are a means to some recognized moral good, (11_____ the other maintains that art is intrinsically valuable and is an end in itself. Underlying this whole issue is the concept of taste, one of the basic concerns of aesthetics. In recent years there has also been an increasing (12_____ with art as the prime object of critical judgment. Corresponding to the trend in contemporary aesthetic thought, (13_____ have followed (14_____ of two approaches. In one, criticism is restricted to the analysis and interpretation of the work of art. (15_____, it is devoted to articulating the response to the aesthetic object and to (16_____ a particular way of perceiving it.Over the years, aesthetics has developed into a broad field of knowledge and inquiry. The concerns of contemporary aesthetics include such (17_____ problems as the natureof style and its aesthetic significance; the relation of aesthetic judgment to culture; the (18_____ of a history of art; the (19_____ of Freudian psychology and other forms of psychological study to criticism; and the place of aesthetic judgment in practical(20_____ in the conduct of everyday affairs.1.A. forB. asC. toD. with2.A. SinceB. ForC. As3.A. promotionalB. promissoryC. promiscuousD. prominent 4.A. plantB. supplantC. transplantD. replant 5.A. centralB. concentratingC. focusingD. centering 6.A. markingB. remarkingC. markedD. remarked 7.A. onB. forC. inD. to8.A. ForebodyingB. ForemostC. ForethoughtfulD. Foregone 9.A. forB. forC. toD. onA. have broughtB. have been broughtC. have takenD. have been taken 11.A. whereasB. whereinC. whereonD. wherefore12.A. preoccupancyB. preoccupationC. premonitionD. preoption13.A. artistsB. writersC. criticsD. analysts14.A. allB. eitherC. neitherD. none15.A. In the other mannerB. In the other wayC. In anotherD. In the other16.A. justifyB. justifiedC. justifyingD. having justified 17.A. diverseB. dividedC. divineD. dividual18.A. vicinityB. viabilityC. villainyD. visibility19.A. relianceB. reliabilityC. reliefD. relevancy20.A. reasonB. reasonablenessC. reasoningD. reasonability1. B2. A3. D4. B5. A6. C7. A8. B9. C 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. D 16.C 17. A 18. B 19.D 20. C。