定语从句的用法和精练一、定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词后二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。
非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法（一）限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。
在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
(that 作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
(作主语)The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。
(作宾语)3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。
在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。
例如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。
(作主语)Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
例如:This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。
例如:This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。
例如:The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one 等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
h.有两个定语从句时，其中一个宜用which，另外一个宜用that。
如：They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.I .当先行词在主句中作表语。
而关系代词在从句中也作表语时，如：Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.(5) 关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如:Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
{d.先行词后面有插入语时，只用which不用that。
Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help you improve your English.（6）as引导限制性定语从句常用下列句式；a. such+名词+as..b. such(pron)+asc.the same +名词+as(二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法1.关系代词在任何情况下都不能省略，如I want to buy a dictionary, which is valuable to my learning.2.who, whom , which不能用that代替。
如This is New York, which I have visited for several times.3.which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词也可以是一个句子。
如He was late again, which made the teacher very unhappy.五、关系副词的用法（一）当关系代词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。
其中when=表示间的介词（如：in，at，on,during等）+which；where=表地点的介词（如：in,at,on,under等）+which；why=表原因的介词（如：for）+which.如：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing . (when=on which)Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)（二）where/when=介词+关系代词which，有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，如： China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.(三)关系副词when,where可用于非限制性定语从句中，而关系副词why不可以。
I.单项填空。
1. -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father?-Yes, he’s our headm aster.A. heB. whoC. whichD. whom2. Is this the river _____I can swim?A. whichB. in whichC. thatD. the one3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day?A. that you boughtB. you bought itC. that you bought itD. which you bought it5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands.A. which agreesB. who agreeC. who agreesD. which agree6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.A. thatB. itC. which who7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gateA. who’sB. whoseC. that of which.8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.A. which; isB. whom; wasC. who; isD. who; was9. I love places ______the people are really friendly.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. who10. The world ______ is made up of matter.A. in that we liveB. on which we liveC. where we live inD. we live in11. Do you know the scientist _______ gave us a talk just now? (市)A. whoB. whomC. whichD. whose12. This is the dictionary _______ Mum gave me for my birthday. (省)A. whichB. whatC. whoseD. whom13. Shaolin Temple _______ lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad.A. whereB. whichC. whoD. what14. —Do you know the girl _______ is standing under the tree?—She is my little sister. (市)A. whoB. whomC. whoseD. which15. This is the question _______ we are talking about now. (省)A. thatB. whoC. whereD. when16. —What are you looking for?—I am looking for the book _______ I bought yesterday. (市)A. whoB. whichC. whose17. Jack, there is someone in the office _______ would like to speak with you. (市)A. whoB. whichC. whom18. If a bag is filled with books and pens, it must belong to someone _______ works hard. (市)A. whichB. /C. whomD. who19. Many young people prefer the songs _______ have great lyrics. (市)A. whichB. whoC. whereD. whom20. Even teachers can’t understand some expressions _______ their students use in daily life.A. whoseB. whoC. thatD. whom21. Beijing is the 29th city _______ holds the Olympic Games. (市)A. whereB. thatC. whichD. what22. Have you read the book _______ I gave you yesterday? (市)A. thatB. whenC. where23. The man _______ came to our party with a present is my old friend. (市)A. whenB. whichC. what24. I like writers _______ write short stories. (襄樊市)A. whichB. whatC. whomD. who25. —There are many volunteers _______ are helping the children in Sichuan.—And most of them are college students. (市)A. whichB. whenC. whoseD. who26. We know Jackie Chan _______ movies are very popular with the young. (自治州)A. whoseB. thatC. whoD. which27. The boy _______ I talked with just now is my best friend. (市)A. whoB. whichC. where28. —What kind of music do you like?—I like music _______ I can sing along with. (市)A. whoB. thatC. what29. He is the only student _______ plays table tennis better than Jim. (市)A. whyB. whereC. whoD. which30. —The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children, isn’t it?—Yes, it has built many schools _______ those children can study happily. (市)A. whereB. whenC. which答案1-5CBCAC 6-10ABCCB 11—15 AABAA 16—20 BADAC 21—25 BACDD 26—30 AABCA。