• Ⅱ. 原因状语从句
• 1.原因状语从句通常由because, since, as, now that, seeing (that), considering (that)引导。 • because, since, as都是引导原因状语从句的连词，其区别如下， because引导的状语从句既可放在主句之前，也可置于主句之后， 但置于主句之后情况居多。它所引导的原因状语从句更强调原因。 而由since与as引导的从句则更强调结果，且它们多数情况下放 在主句之前。 • Example: • He was fined because he had disregarded traffic rules. • As I have seen him only twice, I am afraid I may not be able to recognize him in the crowd. • 2.以as 引导的原因状语从句中的表语形容或名词可以移到从句之 前。在正式文体中，that 可以代替连词as。例： • Child as/that he was, he couldn’t resist long.= since he was unarmed, he couldn’t resist long. • 3.由because 引导的从句是状语从句，它在句中应充当状语，因 此不能把它当作名词从句而在句中充当主语、宾语、同位语等。 • Example: • Because another person lies is not the reason why you should. • The reason he is absent from duty is because he is ill.
• 2. A：if you will reserve seats, we shall be sure of a comfortable journey.= if you are willing to reserve seats,… • B: I’ll cook the meal if you’ll do the washing up. =I’ll cook the meal if you are willing to do the washing up. • A,B 这种时态搭配的条件句中的will不是助动词，而是情态动词， 意为“be willing to, agree to do what is suggested”. • 3. A: if we should miss the 10’clock train, we shan’t get there till after lunch. = if by any chance we miss the train,… • B: If you should die before retiring age, you widow will receive your pension for a period of 7 years after your death. = if by any chance you die,… • A,B 句中的条件句表示一种不太可能实现的条件。 • 4. A：If we caught the train, we would (could, might, etc.) get there by lunch time. • B: if I came into a fortune, I would give up working. • A,B句中的条件句也表示很不能实现的条件。
从句类型从句类型-状语从句
• Ⅰ. 时间状语从句 • Ⅱ. 原因状语从句 • Ⅲ. 条件状语从句 • Ⅳ. 让步状语从句 . • Ⅴ. 方式状语从句 • Ⅵ. 目的状语从句与结果状语 从句
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在句子中作状语成分的从句叫状语从句。依据其含义，可分为时间、地 点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等状语从句，下面就各种状语从句 的疑难问题展开。 时间状语从句通常由下列连词引导：after, before, since, as, when, whenever, while, till, until, once, as soon as, scarcely (hardly)… when (before), no sooner than, immediately (that), directly( that), the moment, the instant (that)等。 1. as, when 和 while 都可以表示主句中动作发生的背景，也可以表示主 句的动作与从句的动作同时发生。因此，在很多情况下这三个连词可以 互换使用。例： example: as/when/while I was reading a book, he came into my room. 虽然很多情况下可以互换，但while一词用作时间状语从句的连词时， 一般不能与短暂性动词一起使用，因为while在时间概念上表示一段时间， 不能表示非持续性动作。因此下列句子中的while应该改为when或as. Example: The mother was overjoyed while she found the lost child. 连词when的位置很灵活，下面两句话的意思非常相近，只是英译汉时稍 有不同。 Example: We were driving swiftly on the road when the car broke down. When we were driving swiftly on the road, the car broke down.
• 4.引导词no sooner…than/ hardly…when/ scarcely…when 可以分别用来强调两个非持 续性动作的同时发生。例如： • Example: • I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. • 5. 时间状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时， 或时间状语从句的主语是不定代词it 时，这时 状语从句的主语连词同动词be一起都可以省略。 例： • When (you are) in trouble, telephone to me.
• Ⅰ. 时间状语从句
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2.since 用在时间状语从句中常见模式是：主句为完成时，而 从句为一般过去时。其实这并不是唯一的选择。下面这些时态 搭配都是可以的。 Example: Since her parents died, she has lived a poor life. I haven’t been to the Great Wall since I have been in Beijing. Two years had passed since my daughter had married him. It seems ages since we saw him last. It has been ages since I felt happy. 3.once, directly, immediately原是修饰连词that与when的副 词。现在这三词已单独地引导状语从句，意义相当于as soon as，同时名词词组 the moment, the instant, the minute 也 可充当引导状语从句的连词。例： example: the moment the meeting is over, I will fly to New York. She wept aloud immediately she heard the news. I felt back home the instant I stepped on my homeland.
• Ⅲ. 条件状语从句
• • • • • • • • • 引导条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless, as/so long as, provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that), suppose (that), supposing (that), when, in case等。 最常见的条件句，其条件分句动词用一般现在时形式，主句动词 用will/shall+不定式。 例如：if he doesn’t come, I’ll go alone. 这种条件句中的条件可能实现，也可能不实现。它还可以有下列 这种句式： If you wake up before lunch, give me a call. 1. 但是条件句并非只有这一种时态搭配。根据句意的需要，从句 和主句的谓语动词可以是多种时态形式。因此下面这些句子都是 正确的。 A：if I make a promise, I keep it.=whenever I make a promise, I keep it. B：If you heat ice, it melts. = whenever you heat ice, it melts. B：这种时态搭配的条件句用于陈述普遍真理和一般常识，或解 释科学技术现象，也可以是习惯动作。此时句中的if意为 whenever.有时也可以用过去时，表示过去的习惯动作。
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条件句有时不一定有一个引导条件句 的连词，有几种特殊的句型本身就是 一种隐含的条件句。其ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้有：祈使句 +and(or)+陈述句 Example: Set your alarm clock, or (else) you’ll oversleep. A bit more sweet food, and you’ll become fat.
• Ⅳ. 让步状语从句
• 引导让步状语从句的连词有：although, though, even if, even though, if, granted that, granting that, when, while, whether…or, whatever, whoever, etc., no matter what, no matter who, etc,. as, that等。 • 1.在正式文体中，though除了可以放在句首外，也可引导这样的 让步状语从句，即把主语补语或状语等放在从句之首，从句通常 位于主句之前。能像though一样引导这样的让步状语从句还有as 和that。在这种让步状语从句中，位于句首的可以是名词、形容 词、副词、动词或“动词+宾语”。 • Examples: • Rich as/that he is, he is thrifty. • Changed your mind as you may, I am determined to carry it through to the end. • Hard though they worked, they could scarcely earn enough to make both ends meet. • 2.词尾为-ever的wh-词（如whatever, whenever）可以与“no matter+wh-词”换用，引导让步状语从句。”no matter+wh-词” 比较常用于口语中。 • Example: • Whichever alternative you choose, there won’t be any real solution to the question.