学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考1.2.6.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in NewEngland from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who werereaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their ownfaith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derivedsome of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authorsas Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquentlyexpressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry DavidThoreau in his book Walden..Symbolism象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. It's a literary movement that arosein France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer,particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideasinto one image or even one word. It's one of the most powerful devices thatpoets employ in creation.8.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin's evolutionary theoryplayed an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived ascomplex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. Atth century，the end of the 19this pessimistic form of realism appeared in america. Naturalism attemptedto achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated bytheir environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death.The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and TheodoreDreiser.3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as wellas men andwomen caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new erawhen civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reactedagainst the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who saidin Hemingway's presence that“you are all a lost generation.”4.Local colorismAs a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined byHamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been writtenin any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality ofcircumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried toimmortalize(使不朽) thedistinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本.国语) languageand satirical(讽刺的) humor. The major local colorist is Mark Twain.学习资料．学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考5.Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the termJazz Age retroactively to refer to thedecade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americansembarked upon what he called he gaudiest spree in history. Jazz Age is inextricably associated withthe wealthy whitelappers and socialites immortalized in Fitzgerald's fiction.6.Free verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid anypredetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternatesstressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way.Whitman's poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezrath century. Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 207.The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway,as follows：if a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things thathe knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things asstrongly as though the writer had stated them.1.Poe's Poetic IdeasA.His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience,but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty.B.He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense.C.Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle”thuspoetry must concern itself only with “supernal beauty”.D.Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”a definition giving unexampledemphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry. 2．Whitman's style1) The sprawling lines of the poems are often extremely long.2) Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.3) Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifierstill the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in anenvelope.4) Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of学习资料．学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.5) No regular pattern.6) The verse unit is usually an independent clause.3．Formal features of Dickinson's poetryA.Dickson's poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys. Dickinson wasoriginal. She sounded idiosyncratic, sometimes.B.Love is another subject Dickinson dwells on.C.Many poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about therelationship between man and nature is well-expressed. Dickinson sees nature as both gailybenevolent and cruel.D.Dickinson's poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, henceare always quoted by their first lines.E.On the ethical level Dickinson emphasizes free will and human responsibility.All these characteristics of her poetry were to become popular through Stephen Crane with theth century. She became, with Stephen Crane, the Imagists such as Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell in the 20precursor of the Imagist moverment.4．The theme and techniques in Eliot's The Waste LandTheme：The theme is modern spiritual barrenness, the despair and depression that followed the WWI,the sterility and turbulence of the modern world, and the decline and break-down of western culture. Italso shows the search for regeneration by people living in a chaotic world. Technique：The poem's noticeable characteristics are varied length and rhythm to harmonize with thechanging subject matter, the unrhymed lines, lots of borrowings from some thirty-five different writers,the employment of materials such as the legends of the Holy Grail, Frazer's anthropological work TheGolden Bough several popular songs, and passages in six foreign languages, including Sanskrit. Thepoem, therefore, is obscure and hard to understand, needless to say its absence of logical continuity.The poem The Wast Land by T. S. Eliot, nevertheless, is broadly acknowledged as one of the mostrecognizable landmarks of modernism.学习资料．学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考5．Analysis of Richard Cory by Edwin Arlington RobinsonRichard Cory is a short dramatic poem about a man whose outward appearance belies his innerturmoil. The tragedy in the poem reflects in its spirit the tragedies in Edwin Arlington Robinson's ownlife: Both of his brothers died young, his family suffered financial failures, and Robinson himselfendured hardship before his poetry gained recognition—thanks in part to praise from an influentialreader of them, Theodore Roosevelt.Robinson published the poem himself in 1897 as part of a poetry collection called Children of theNight. The poem is a favorite of students and teachers because of the questions it poses about the thetitle character.6．Comment onStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert FrostA.It is a peaceful poem and makes man feel relaxed when we read the lines: The only other soundsthe sweep of easy wind and downy flake. Frost also uses alliteration and repetition in his poems. Therhyme scheme he uses is a-a-b-a.B.It is one of the most quietly moving of Frost's lyrics. On the surface, it seems to be simple,descriptive verses, records of close observation, graphic and homely pictures.C.It uses the simplest terms and commonest words. But it is deeply meditative, adding far-reachingmeanings to the homely music. It uses its superb craftsmanship to come to a climax of responsibility:the promises to be kept, the obligation to be fulfilled. Few poems have said so much in so little.7.Theme and technique in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald1. Themes of The Great Gatsby: It resents the decline of the American dream in1920s, thehollowness of the upper class and the falseness of ideals and moves toward disillusion.2. Now Gatsby's life follow a clear pattern: there is, at first, a dream, then disenchantment, and finallya sense of failure and despair. Gatsby's personal experience approximates the whole of the Americanexperience up to the first few decades of the 20th century.3. The novel is the presentation of the 1920s, and of what has become known as American Dream.8.学习资料．学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考ment on Hemingway's style and Farewell to Arms1. Hemingway was a glamorous public hero of sorts whose style of writing and living was probablymore imitated than any other writers in human memory.2. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in thefamous phrase, “grace under pressure”, and created one hero who acts that theme out.3. In the same way that Fitzgerald's Tales of the Jazz Age becomes a symbol for an age,Hemingway's book paints the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation.4. Lieutenant Henry in A Farewell to Arms stands the Hemingway hero, an average man of decidedlymasculine taste sensitive and intelligent, a man of action; and with other people, somewhat an outsider,keeping emotion under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one cannot havehappiness.5. Hemingway's world is a world essentially chaotic and meaningless, in which man fights a solitarystruggle against a force he does not even understand.6. The war dominates so that the love story represents a mere dream and the brutal and atrociousrealities of life do not allow materializing it.10.Analyze Dry September by William Faulkner11.“Dry September”was written in 1931, and is a well-known story of Faulkner. This story touches upon the strange relationship between sex and violence, examines the psychologicalstate of the main characters, and exposes the crime of racial discrimination which makes one bristlewith anger.The tone of this story contributes much to its effectiveness, particularly to the imagery of infernal heatand dryness and to the setting itself.From the character Miss Minnie the reader could perceive the obvious impact of Freud's ideas onWilliam Faulkner. 学习资料．。