功能意念表1. 友好往来（1）问候Hello/Hi.Good morning/afternoon/evening, etc.（2）告辞I'm afraid I must be going now.I think it's time for us to leave now. I've really got to go now.It's time I went home.（3）告别Good-bye/Bye/Bye-bye. Good night.See you tomorrow.（4）介绍This is Tom (and this is Amy).I'd like you to meet Mary.May I introduce (you to) Mr./Mrs./ Miss/Ms. Smith? ②How do you do?Glad to meet you.Nice meeting you, Fred. ③（5）感谢和应答Thank you (very much).(Many ) thanks.I'm really grateful to you for your help. ③Not at all.You're welcome.Don't mention it.That's all right.（6）祝愿和祝贺Good luck!Best wishes for your holiday.Have a good time.Please give my best wishes to Linda. Please remember me to your family. ③Congratulations (on your success). ②（7) 道歉和应答Sorry.Excuse me. Never mind.It doesn't matter. That's nothing.（8）邀请和应答Come in and have a cup of tea.What about having a drink?Would you like some ice cream?Thank you (very much).Yes, I'd love to.That's very kind of you, (but I'm on a diet). ③（9）提议、接受和谢绝Can I help you?Is there anything I can do for you?Shall I carry the box for you?Yes, please.No, thank you (just the same).That's very kind of you, but I can manage it myself.③（10）开始和结束谈话③Nice day, isn't it?What a lovely day today!2. 交流补救（1）请求重复和解释Uh, excuse me, could you repeat it?Could you say that again?（2）定义③Linguistics may be defined as the science of language.（3）确认理解③Got it?Do you see what I mean? （4）犹豫③Let me see.How can I put it?（5）更正③What I meant was that we should go on with the work.（6）补充③In addition, I think we should take the cost into account.（7）插话③Excuse me. Did you say that the party had to be put off?3．态度（1）意愿I'm willing/ready to take the job.I will buy a new pair of glasses.（2）希望I wish to see you again.I hope you will get better soon.I wish I were younger. ③（3）意向I'm planning to move somewhere downtown.I feel like taking a hot bath now.（4）责任Do I have to finish it today?Should I look after the baby this evening?Is it necessary for me to clean the room? ③I'm afraid you must/will have to stay home. ③（5）能力I can manage the job without help.I'm capable of running a mile in four minutes. ③（6）允许I wonder if I could possibly use your bicycle? Sure, go ahead.I'd rather you didn't. ③（7）同意和不同意That's a good point.I'm afraid you're not quite right.（8）喜欢和不喜欢I like English poems very much. She loves doing shopping alone.He doesn't like wearing his hair long.I don't care much for hot food. ②（9）偏爱②I prefer tea to coffee.I'd rather go by train than by plane. （10）原谅It's not your fault.Please don't blame yourself. ③（11）后悔②I should have finished my essay earlier. （12）慰问和同情I'm so sorry.Please accept my deep sympathy. ②（13）兴趣That's quite tempting. ②I'm curious about that. ③（14）决心She's determined to go to Australia. ②I insist everybody be here at six sharp. ③Nothing will prevent me from accomplishing the task. ③（15）责怪和批评You are late again. ②Why didn't you tell me the truth? ②You shouldn't have done that. ③（16）抱怨I hate to have to say this, but it's too noisy here. ②（17）否定③I don't think you are right.（18）让步③Even so/But it's still a fact.（19）怀疑③I doubt if we can finish it on time.I suspect the truth of her statement.（20）犹豫③Well, let me see.（21）坚持③But you know that she's innocent.（22）忍受③Well, we just have to accept that sort of thing. （23）冷淡③I don't care what you do.It doesn't matter to me.4. 可能程度（1）肯定和不肯定I'm not quite sure whether it will rain today.I doubt if he knows the truth. ②to be sure/certain of ③（2）可能和不可能It is possible that he is out.It is unlikely that he should be at home. ②（3）预测It will be fine tomorrow.（4）猜测和相信I guess that he has got it.He must have read it before. We all believe that you are right.（5）看似、好象③He seems to be ignorant about it.5. 情感（1）惊奇What a surprise!I can hardly believe my ears/eyes.（2）满意和高兴It is well done.I'm pleased to know that. How wonderful!（3）愤怒或恼怒Isn't it annoying/irritating!What a stupid idiot! ②（4）悲伤Oh, no! How could this happen to me?I can't take much more of this.（5）愿望I wish I were young again.（6）悔恨和失望Oh, what a pity /shame!That's too bad.（7）需求I need your help.I want you to read this report.（8）焦虑I'm so anxious about my job. ③She is rather worried about his health.（9）加重感情色彩What a wonderful day! ②Thank you ever so much. ②It is far, far too expensive. ③（10）担心和挂念③I'm so worried about you.She is anxious to know the result.（11）害怕③Don't be afraid.I was frightened to death when a tall man ran towards me.（12）期望③I'm expecting a call.（13）赞赏③What a marvelous play!I like your haircut.6. 告戒（1）提醒Make sure you'll be there on time.Don't forget about your study.（2）请求Will you do me a favor?Would you mind helping me with the desk? ③（3）建议You'd better take an umbrella. I'd rather you did it again. ②Why don't you have a try? Let's take a short break. Shall we start now?（4）推荐I recommend this book.（5）指导The first thing you have to do is open the cover, and then don't forget to press the button 'ON'.（6）警告Be careful!Take care!If you don't do it properly, I'll make you do it again.（7）劝说Don't you think it would be better to leave right now? （8）命令Be quiet.Don't shout in the corridor.（9）禁止You can't smoke here.You are not allowed to smoke here.（10）许诺③I will pay you back next time.I give you my word that the goods will arrive on time.7. 时间（1）时刻She gets up at 7:00 every morning.The school will begin in September.（2）时段The concert lasted two hours.His father will stay in Paris for five years.（3）频度He should take the medicine twice a day.She usually wrote home every other week. ②（4）时序The cat ran here and there, first on this side, then on that side.（5）速度The students can read English at the speed of 200 words per minute. ③（6）同时Strike while the iron is hot. ③（7）持续The professor has been teaching at the university for over thirty years. ③8. 存在（1）存在和不存在Air exists nearly everywhere.There is not a soul in the room. ②（2）有和没有The people in this country enjoy free medical care.The factory ran out of raw material. ②9. 空间描述（1）位置He sits at the back of the room.The lab lies in the center of the university. ②（2）方向The post office is two blocks straight ahead.Turn left at the corner and go straightforward. （3）动向The train is leaving for Beijing.towards; from（4）距离The school is within walking distance.（5）体积③The two rooms are of the same size.The swimming pool is 25 meters in width, 50 meters in length and 2 meters in depth.10. 数量（1）数There are twenty students in the class.（2）量She has collected a great number of foreign stamps.There was a great amount of rain last month.（3）足量和不足量③They have ample food and clothing.The pot plant died from want of water.（4）过量The shirt is too large for Tom to wear.11．质（1）形状It is a U-shaped road.（2）颜色The leaves turn yellow in autumn.（3）材料The box is made of wood.（4）感觉③The blind man has to feel his way forward.He has no sense of music.（5）质地③The silk feels very smooth.（6）价值③ A peasant woman found a priceless stone in her land. （7）自然状况③I don't feel well, just because of the jet-lag.12. 方法和手段The sheets are usually folded in this way. ②He decided to treat the patient surgically. ③The dumb can make themselves understood by means of gestures. ③13. 功用The knife is used to cut things.The computer performs an important function in modern society. 14. 立论（1）例证The language skills, for example, speaking and writing, need to be practised.This relationship can be exemplified by the following graph. namely; as follows（2）概括Generally speaking, job chances are much better for manual workers than for office workers.（3）推论It is argued that books will no longer be necessary after each family owns a computer.（4）结论To sum up, it is no easy job to learn a foreign language. all in all; in conclusion; to conclude by saying…（5）阐明It means you mustn't overtake.15. 计算和测量③（1）基础运算If you multiply 3 by 4, you get 12.（2）倍数和百分比In this school, men constitute only 40% of the teaching staff.This book is twice as thick as that one.（3）增加和减少The export increased in volume by 10 percent over last year.There is a sharp drop of birth rate in this area.（4）基础测量（长、宽等）The table is four feet in length.The garden measures forty feet across.（5）近似值about; approximately（6）平均值On the average, the author writes two books a year.to have an average of（7）比率和比例16 to 8 is in ratio of 6 to 3.The proportion of A to B is X to Y.（8）最大值和最小值The train has the maximum speed of 250 miles per hour.The minimum number of students in each room will be five.（9）估计The estimated quantity of rice per acre is 5 tons. It is estimated that the work will take three months.16．结构③（1）部分和整体The committee comprises nine professors.Our class consists of 40 students.（2）部分之间的联系The staircase leads to the balcony. 17．关系③（1）行为中和事物中的联系They showed sympathy to the child.These facts are known by all the schoolteachers.（2）对比关系on the one hand…on the other hand…; in spite of; on the contrary（3）比较关系He speaks English as well as she does.He is the slower of the two children.That is the most wonderful play I have ever seen. （4）所属关系her promotion; a woman's college（5）逻辑关系As it was raining hard, we didn't go out yesterday. Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead.Though it was already midnight, he went on working. He failed the exam as a result of bad preparation.（6）分类English can be further divided into several sub-varieties.附录二语法项目表1、词类（1）名词（2）形容词（3）副词（4）动词（5）代词（6）冠词（7）数词（8）介词（9）连词(10) 惊叹词2、名词（1）可数和不可数名词（2）名词的复数形式（3）专有名词（4）所有格3、代词（1）人称代词（2）物主代词（3）反身代词（4）指示代词（5）不定代词（6）疑问代词（7）关系代词4、数词（1）基数词（2）序数词（3）分数③（4）小数③（5）百分比③5、介词6、连词7、形容词（1）形容词作定语、表语、宾语补足语（2）比较等级：原级/比较级/最高级8、副词（1）功能：表示时间、地点、方式、程度、关系等（2）比较等级：原级/比较级/最高级9、冠词10、动词（1）基本形式A．现在时B．过去时C．过去分词D．-ing形式（2）行为动词的及物性和不及物性（3）系动词：be, get, look, seem, turn, grow, become等（4）助动词：be, do, have, shall, will等（5）情态动词：can, may, must, ought to, need, dare等（6）时态A．一般现在时B．一般过去时C．一般将来时D．现在进行时E．现在完成时F．过去进行时②G．将来进行时H．将来完成时②I．一般过去将来时③J．现在完成进行时③K．过去完成进行时③L．过去完成时②（7）被动语态A．被动语态的不同时态·一般现在时·一般过去时·一般将来时②·现在进行时②·现在完成时②·过去进行时②·过去完成时②·将来完成时③·一般过去将来时③·过去将来完成时③B．带情态动词的被动语态（8）动词的非谓语形式A．不定式·作主语·作宾语·作宾语补足语·作状语·作定语②·作表语②·在复合结构中③·完成式、进行式和完成进行式③·被动形式③B．动词的-ed 形式②·作定语·作表语·作宾语补足语·作状语C．动词的-ing形式②·作主语·作宾语·作宾语补足语·作表语·作定语·作状语·在复合结构中③·完成形式和被动形式③（9）虚拟语气③11、句子（1）句子的成分（2）句子的种类（3）简单句的基本句型（4）并列句（5）复合句·名词性从句②（宾语从句1）·状语从句·定语从句②（6）倒装句②（7）省略句②（8）强调句③（9）插入语③12、标点符号13、构词法（1）转化（2）合成（3）派生A．常用前缀·表示“否定”：non-, un-, in-, dis-, im-③·表示“再次”re-·表示“互相”：inter-③·表示“中间”：mid-③·表示“错误地”：mis-③·表示“上，过度”：over-③·表示“下，低于”：under-③·表示“小”：mini-③·表示“多”：multi-③B．常用后缀·名词后缀：-er, -tion, -ese, -ist, -ing, -ment, -ness, -ian②, -or③, -ion③,-ation③, -ence③, -hood③, -ity③·动词后缀：-ify, -ize, -ise, -en·形容词后缀：-able, -ful, -y, -ive②, -al②, -an②, -ible③,-ic③, -ical③, -less③, -ous③·副词后缀：-ly·数词后缀：-teen, -ty, -th附录三语言技能表1、听力(1) 理解主旨要义；(2) 获取事实性的具体信息；(3) 理解明确表达的概念性含义；③(4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申；③(5) 理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。