a container for its content(以容器代内容)
• The kettle is boiling. kettle 代替壶中的水 壶开了。 • Sorry, my packet can't afford such a pair of shoes。 pocket代替衣袋里的钱 对不起。我的钱不够，买不起这双鞋。
the concrete for the abstract， or the specific for the general 以具体代抽象，
或以特定代泛指
• Without sweat, without bread. sweat 代辛勤努力； bread 代一切食物、生计 不流汗就没面包吃。 • Had he known a little about Pavlov's dog, he wouldn't have made such a blunder in the treatment of the patient. dog代巴普洛夫神经学 如果他懂得一点巴普洛夫神经学的话，就不会在 这个病人处理方案上有这么大的失误。
an instrument foritsuser 以工具代工
具使用者
• He believed that the gun was not so much as the plough. gun 代替武装部队； plough代替农 场 他认为与其去当兵还不如去农场干活好。 • The surgeon convinced her that she could only be served by a timely scalpel.scalpel代其外科 手术 医生使她相信只有及早做手术才能挽救她的生命。
a striking feature for the person or thing 以特征代特征所有者
• A bald slipped out through the back door。 bald 指代秃顶的人 一个秃头从后门溜了出去。
• The crown should not yield to the cross.crown 指代国王、君主；cross指代教堂 皇权不应该屈服于教会。
an organ for its function 以器官代作用
• He has a rough tongeu. tongue代替说话方式、 能力 他言语粗鲁。 • The lack of cohesion of the company accounted for the brain drain. brain 代智力、人才
Example of metonmy
• The pen is mighter than the sword. Pen substitutes the people who use pen and sword substitutes the people who use the word. • I want my love to be with me all the time. My love substitutes the people that I love
We can see how much more vivid in the sweat of thy face in this example above than by labor would have been.The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.
the abstract fortheconcrete or the general for the specific 以抽象代具体或 泛指代特定
• The work is a pleasure for me. pleasure 代指一 件乐事 这件工作对我来说是件乐事。
• He was an authБайду номын сангаасrity on Shakespeare. authority 代具有权威的人 他是莎士比亚学的权威。
a location for the institution or organization 以所在地代机构、组织
• the Pentagon 五角大楼——the USA military eatablished 指代美国国防部 • the White House白宫——the USA government 美国政府 • Hollywood——the USA film-making industry 美 国电影制造业
From the examples, we can see that metonymy actually stands for a transmutation 变化or a misnomer. It helps to indirectly refer to someting.
At the same time, the use of a particular metonymy can make a comment about the idea for which it has been sbstituted, and thereby helps to define that idea. For example, • You can't fight city hall • This lands belongs to the crown. • In the sweat of thy你的 face shalt thou你 eat bread...
公司缺乏凝聚力是导致人才外流的原因。
author for work 以作者代作品
• Only billionaires are able to collect Picasso. Picasso 指代毕加索的美术作品 只有那些亿万富翁才能收集毕加索的立体画。 • Recently he has been steeped in O.Henry. O.Henry指代欧 · 亨利的作品 最近几天他沉迷于欧 · 亨利的短片小说中
a place for rhe people 以处所代人
• If the grave were perceivable, it would be weeping in grief. the grave指代墓穴里的死者 如果亡灵有知的话。他定会伤心落泪的。
• The minute he took the stage, the museum hall brust into cheers . museum hall 指代大厅中的观 众 他一登台， 整个音乐厅爆发出一片欢呼声。
Definition of metonymy 转喻
• Metonymy is the act of referring to something by the name of something else that is closely connected with it. • 转喻指当甲事物与乙事物不相类似，但有 密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，用乙事 物的名称代替甲事物的一种修辞方法。