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厦门大学海洋科学导论课件(水文部分)

Chap1. Thshape and size of the Earth Global Distribution of Ocean and Land Oceans and Seas Location System
1.1 The shape and size of the Earth
边缘海:位于大陆边缘,以半岛、岛屿或群岛 与大洋分隔,但水流交换通畅,如东海、日本 海等。

海湾(gulf ):洋或海延伸进大陆且深度逐渐 减小的水域。 海峡(strait):两端连接海洋的狭窄水道。

The largest, deepest sea in the world:
Coral Sea
Coral Reef
Indian Ocean
面积:占世界洋面积的1/5,平均深度超过大西洋, 平均3897m。在中央海底有倒”Y”型洋中脊
•Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere •Average Depth 3.9 km Average Width 7000 km •Important trade routes for Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India •Egyptians sailed this ocean 2500 years ago •20 ° east longitude divides Atlantic and Indian Oceans •150 ° east longitude divides Indian and Pacific Oceans
地球的形状:“梨”
地球的真实形状(实线) 理想的椭球体(虚线)


The average radius is 6371km. Equatorial radius:6378.4km (6378km) Polar radius: 6356.9km(6357km) Surface Area of the Earth : 510 million km2
Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean
(海洋学上的划分) 副热带辐合带(40°S) T 北:>9 S >34.6 IOC 硅藻 1/1升 磷虾 无
北界 南大洋
南极辐合带 (50-55 ° S)
南:<5
<34
10/1升

南界:南极大陆
1.4 The Sea Floor
Xie, S., J. Hafner, Y. Tanimoto, W. T. Liu, H. Tokinaga, and H. Xu, Bathymetric effect on the winter sea surface temperature and climate of the Yellow and East China Seas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2228, doi:10.1029/2002GL015884, 2002.
Atlantic Ocean
占世界大洋面积1/4,平均深度3627m。东西狭窄,赤道最 窄,分南北大西洋,有一”S“形洋中脊横贯南北。 海岸形态:南:平直无附属海;北:迂回曲折,多岛屿、 港湾和附属海
•Long, narrow S-shaped ocean •Relatively shallow - mid-Atlantic Ridge •Few depths below 6 km •Islands not as common (Greenland is largest island) •20 ° east longitude divides Atlantic and Indian Oceans •67 ° west longitude divides Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

(7.3×10-5s-1)
Circumference(周长) of the Earth:40008.08km one degree of arc length:111.13km One minute of arc length:1.852km Nautical Mile(1海里): one minute of arc length of latitude or longitude at the equator, or 1.852km Kts(1节): Knots per hour ,1海里/hour,or 0.51m/s
45-70N:陆地面积>海洋面积
Nearly
all of the water on the planet (approximately 98%) is either ocean water or sea ice.
海洋的平均深度3795m,陆地的平均高度只有
875m
•Roughly 80% of the land surface is below an elevation of 2000 meters, while 80% of the sea floor is at a depth greater than 2000 meters
(Near NE New Zealand)
Land Ocean 47% 11% 53% 89%
陆半球 海洋面积仍大于陆地面积
水半球 海洋面积远大于陆地面积
海陆分布在各纬度上是不均匀的,在南纬56°~65°之间,几乎没 有陆地;在北纬65°附近,大陆却几乎连成一片。在纬度高于80° 的南极地区,主要被陆地占据;而在北极则是一片广阔的水域。

1.2 Global Distribution of Ocean and Land
The World Ocean AREA = 361.1 million km2 VOLUME = 1,370 million km3 Average DEPTH = 3,796 m Average
Land and water are not uniformly distributed on the surface of the earth.
④海峡(Strait, Channel):流速很大,尤其潮流流速 很大
1.3.3 The Four Principal Oceans
太平洋:面 积最大、最 深 北冰洋:最 小、最浅
Pacific Ocean
面积最大:占地表总面积1/3,海洋表面积的1/2; 平均深度4028m,东西最宽达半个赤道。 体积最大:水量约等于全球水量的一半 岛屿很多,特别是在中西部
地球表面积:510*106 km2 海洋面积:361*106 km2 占 70.8% 陆地面积:149*106 km2 占 29.2%

Volume of the Earth :1083.16 billion km3
Flattening(扁平率):0.0033526 Rotation Rate(角速度ω): 7.2921×10-5s-1
1.1 海底形态特征的比较
地貌类型 定义 水深范围 占海洋 总面积 --7.5% 7.8% 5.3% 1.7% 45% 32.8% 坡度 宽度范围
海岸带
几十米 (潮差+浪) 大陆架 低潮←→大坡度边缘 <200m 大陆坡 大坡度边缘 200~3000m 大陆隆 较平坦地带 2000~5000m 海沟 长而窄的深洼地 >6000m 大洋盆地 广阔而平坦的地带 4000~6000m 大洋中脊 长而窄的高地 高1000~3000m

按海所处的位置可将其分为陆间海 (intercontinental sea)、内陆海(inland sea)和边缘海 (marginal sea)
陆间海:陆间海是指位于大陆之间的海,面积 和深度都较大,如地中海和加勒比海。 内陆海:伸入大陆,面积较小,受大陆影响大, 如渤海和波罗的海等。


Wonderful Coral
Bay of Fundy
1.3.2 水文特征
①洋(Ocean):;远离大陆,受陆地影响小;水文要 素稳定;盐度平均35,且年变化小;有独立的潮 汐系统和强大的洋流系统 ②海(Sea):温、盐等水文要素受陆地影响大,季节 变化明显;透明度小;潮汐系统受大洋支配 ③海湾(Gulf, Bay, Fjord):水文要素特征一般与其相 邻的海或大洋相似,在海湾中常有大潮差。
满潮←→低潮
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平均0°07′ 0~1000km 3 ° -6 ° 20~100km 平均0.5 °-1 100-1000km 平均5 ° -7 ° 40-120km 0 ° 20′-0 ° 40′ ----数百至数千公里
Shore: A part of the land mass close to the sea which has been modified by the action of the sea. Continental Shelf: extends seaward from the shore with an average gradient of 1:500. Its outer limit (break-in slope) is set where the gradient increases to about 1:20 on the average to form the continental slope down to the deep sea bottom. Deep-sea bottom and sounding: From the bottom of continental slope the gradient decreases along the continental rise to the deep-sea bottom, the last and most extensive area. Depths of 3000 to 6000m are found over 74% of the ocean basins with 1% being deeper. variety of its topography. Sills: refer to a ridge, above the average bottom level in a region , which separates one basin from another or ,in case of a fjord, separates the landward basin from the sea outside.
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