蛋白激酶与磷酸酶
OH
OH
PI-Kinase
PI PIP
4 5 P
P
HO
P
P
3
P
OH
o
o o
o
o
o o
o
PI-Phosphatase
磷酸肌醇循环
PI3K-PKB/Akt信号通路
蛋白激酶与磷酸酶
+ PPP inhibitor
Western blot analysis of whole cell lysates of Jurkat cells, with 0.1M calyculin A for 20 minutes prior to lysis, using Phospho-Thr antibody.
蛋白质磷酸酶
丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶 (PP1, PP2A); 酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酶 (PTP1B); 双特异性蛋白磷酸酶 (DUSP1); 脂质磷酸酶 (PTEN, SHIP)。
Ser/Thr与Tyr蛋白磷酸酶
Ser/Thr磷酸酶 (PP1)
催化机制:
含有双核的金属离子中心; 通过水分子来进行亲核攻击; 磷酸基团不转移到磷酸酶上, 是一步催化反应。 没有金属离子的参与; 通过催化结构域的半胱氨酸残基进 行亲核攻击; 形成磷酸基-酶中间体,是二步催 化反应。
人类的激酶组包括518蛋白激酶基因 约占人类基因总数的1.7% 其中218个基因与人类疾病的发生发展密切相关
约30个基因是肿瘤抑制基因
约100个为原癌基因 ~30%的蛋白质可以发生磷酸化修饰
蛋白激酶的结构
激酶结构域(Kinase domain) 调节结构域(Regulatory domain) 靶向性结构域(Targeting domain)
蛋白激酶与磷酸酶
病理生理学教研室
蛋白质翻译后修饰
Post-translational modifications (PTMs)
磷酸化修饰(Phosphorylation ) 糖基化修饰(Glycosylation ) 泛素化修饰(Ubiquitination ) 乙酰化修饰(Acetylation ) 甲基化修饰(Methylation )
受体二聚体化与激酶的激活
胰岛素受体
Binding of insulin to the alpha subunits causes the beta subunits to phosphorylate themselves (autophosphorylation), thus activating the catalytic activity of the receptor.
蛋白激酶的分类
酪氨酸蛋白激酶
受体激酶 (EGFR,FGFR,PDGFR) 非受体激酶 (JAK,Src,Abl)
丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶 (PKC,MAPK,Plk,Rho Kinases) 双特异性蛋白激酶 (MAPKK) 磷酯酰肌醇激酶 ( PI3K)
受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)
受体酪氨酸激酶包括大多数生长因子的受体,参与了 细胞的多种生命活动如细胞的生长、细胞形态与细胞 周期调控、基因的转录与细胞凋亡等; RTKs通常是含有单次跨膜结构域的单体蛋白分子,与 配基结合后发生二聚体化,使细胞内的结构域靠近, 通过自磷酸化而激活; 该家族受体的激活与许多原癌基因的活化密切相关。
EEVAS*EPEEAAS*PTTPK y1-y5, M y6-y12, M+80 y13-y17,M+160
磷酸化蛋白质组(Phosphoproteome)
IMAC: Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography 固定化 金属离子亲和性层析法 SIMAC: sequential elution from IMAC 从IMAC顺序洗脱
Tyr磷酸酶 (PTP, DUSP1)
结构上:
数量有限的催化亚基与众多调 节亚基配对。
多基因家族,在单一磷酸酶中同时 含有催化与调节结构域。
Ser/Thr蛋白磷酸酶催化模式图
Fe H O Zn
O
O
P
O
O-Ser-substrate
H-His
PP2A磷酸酶的多样性与复杂性
翻译后修饰对磷酸酶功能的调控作用
MAPKKK
MAPKK
MEK1/2
MKK3/6
MKK4/7
MEK5
MAPK
ERK1/2
p38 MAPK
JNK1,2,3
ERK5/BMK1
Biological responses
Growth, Differentiation, Development
Inflammation, Apoptosis, Growth, Differentiation
蛋白激酶与磷酸酶
Protein Kinase
Protein OH + ATP Protein O O P O Pi H2O O + ADP
Protein Phosphatase
蛋白激酶将ATP末端的磷酸基团转移到蛋白质侧 链的羟基上; 磷酸酶催化蛋白质侧链上磷酸基团的水解。
Human Kinome
2 Active protein kinase 1 transfers a phosphate from ATP to an inactive molecule of protein kinase 2, thus activating this second kinase.
Active protein kinase 2 ATP ADP Pi PP Inactive protein Active protein kinase 3 ATP ADP P i PP Active protein P P
Growth, Differentiation, Development
磷酸酶的信号级联反应
14-3-3
14-3-3 S287 T138 S287 T138
During interphase, Cdc25 is held inactive via by inhibitory phosphorylation at Ser287 and 14-3-3 binding. Likewise, PP2A/B56δ maintains Thr138 in the dephosphorylated state. At the G2/M transition, Cdc25 is activated in a stepwise fashion. First, Cdk2 phosphorylates Thr138 which triggers the release of 14-3-3. Phosphorylated keratin intermediate filaments assist in 14-3-3 removal from Cdc25 and Plx1 may also play a role in this process. Exposed Ser287 is then readily dephosphorylated by PP1, inducing the activation and nuclear translocation of Cdc25 and dephosphorylation of Cdc2. Once activated, Cdc2/Cyclin B phosphorylates multiple sites on Cdc25, enhancing its activity and preventing inactivation. Cdc2/Cyclin B may also activate the MAP kinase cascade which can phosphorylate Cdc25 in a parallel positive feedback loop.
4 Finally, active protein kinase 3 phosphorylates a protein (pink) that brings about the cell’s response to the signal.
P Cellular response
MAPK信号级联反应
Stimulus
6:磷酸化修饰可诱导其下游的促凋亡蛋白基因如p53AIP1 等的表达;
S392: UV诱导其磷酸化修饰,其功能与抑制UV诱导的皮肤癌 密切相关。
蛋白质的磷酸化修饰分析
生物质谱分析蛋白质的磷酸化修饰
生物质谱分析蛋白质的磷酸化修饰
EEVASEPEEAASPTTPK y1-y17, M
EEVAS*EPEEAASPTTPK y1-y12, M y13-y17,M+80
位点特异性的磷酸化修饰
p53:
Kinase: ATM, ATR, DNAPK, CK1, CK2, Chk1, Chk2, etc.
T55/S376:在正常细胞中发生磷酸化修饰,但在受到应激刺激 时发生去磷酸化;
S15/S20: 磷酸化修饰降低其与Hdm2的结合,并促进与转录 共刺激分子的结合,但它们在细胞中的功能是冗余的;
Growth factors, Mitogen, GPCR Raf, Mos, Tpl2
Stress, GPCR, Inflammatory cytokines, Growth factors
MLK3, TAK, DLK MEKK1, 4, MLK3, ASK1
Stress, Growth factors, Mitogen, GPCR MEKK2, 3, Tpl2
3 Active protein kinase 2 then catalyzes the phosphorylation (and activation) of protein kinase 3.