文献生词malignancy恶性,恶性肿瘤肝切除术hepatectomybilirubin 胆红素bilirubinemia 胆红素血症Hyperbilirubinemia 高胆红素血症吲哚花青绿Indocyanine green靛青绿滞留量试验indocyanine green retention肝功能衰退肝功能不全, hepatic insufficiency黄疸jaundice回顾性调查retrospective review术中手术中的intraoperative , 参数parameters回归Logistic Logistic Regression预后prognosisprognostic 预后的脐的门的, hilar胆管上皮癌cholangiocarcinoma肝内胆管癌intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomaanatomic , 解剖的解剖学的hepatic hilus 肝门围手术期的perioperative indication 适应证,指征curative治愈的切除术resection likelihood 可能性liver function 肝功能metastasis 转移肝细胞癌hepatocellular carcinoma忽然的意外的, unexpected胆汁淤积cholestasis 胆汁引流biliary drainage扩大半肝切除术extended hemihepatectomy三段切除TrisegmentectomyChronic viral hepatitis 慢性病毒性肝炎肝硬化cirrhosis血清, 免疫血清serumon admission , 入院时住医院时经皮的percutaneoustranshepatic 经肝的endoscopic biliary drainage 内镜胆管引流术内镜胆管引流,, endoscopic ; 内窥镜的内窥镜检查的引流管,排液管drainage tube脉)静(门portal veinembolization 栓塞,栓塞术,栓子形成peritoneal 腹膜的dissemination 播散,散布laparotomy剖腹手术远端转移distant metastasisSurgical Procedures 外科手术anastomosis 吻合术enteric 肠的in terms of以…的观点;以…的方式hemorrhage 出血hemorrhagic 出血性的hemolysis 溶血hemolytic 溶血的hematology 血液学hematological 血液的hemodynamics血流动力学coagulation status 高凝状态prothrombin time 凝血酶原时间激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间activated partial thromboplastin time antithrombin 抗凝血酶thrombolytic 溶血栓药,血栓溶解剂期间;持续时间durationnonlinear least squares method 非线性最小平方法natural logarithm 自然对数categorize 分类半乳糖耐量试验galactose tolerance testhalf life半衰期computed tomography scan 计算机体层摄影扫描,CT扫描对比剂,造影剂contrast medium推注bolus集成软件integrated software变量variables连续变量continuous variable分类变量categorical variable单变量univariate多变量multivariate单变量分析univariate analysis多元分析,多元统计分析multivariate analysis stepwise procedure 逐步过程, 卡方检验检验χ2, chi square test截断值cutoff valueOdds Ratio比值比Mann Whitney test 怀二氏检验曼-尾的…有tailedreceiver operating characteristic curve 接受者（机）操作特征曲线morbidity and mortality 并发症和死亡率decompression 减压in regard to关于,至于living related liver transplantation活体亲属供肝肝移植术实质parenchyma肝实质liver parenchyma,分泌的排泄的excretory主质的质的, parenchymal皱缩, 皱缩度shrinkage生物转化biotransformationadenosine triphosphate 三磷腺苷氨ammonia天冬氨酸氨基转移酶Aspartate Aminotransferase丙氨酸氨基转移酶Alanine Aminotransferase乳酸脱氢酶Lactate Dehydrogenasealkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶谷氨酰基glutamylInferior Vena Cava下腔静脉abdominal aorta 腹主动脉主动脉旁的Paraaortic腹腔干celiac axiscommon hepatic artery 肝总动脉proper hepatic artery 肝固有动脉肠系膜上动脉superior mesenteric ArteryHepatic artery thrombosis 肝动脉血栓形成pseudoaneurysm 假性动脉瘤portacaval shunt 门(静脉与)腔静脉分流术动脉化arterialization血管造影术angiography梗塞闭塞occlusion闭塞的occluded侧支, ,副的侧的collateralconfluence 汇流合流,自体静脉移植物autologous vein graft肝门porta hepatisPortal lymph node 肝门淋巴结二级胆管根second order biliary radicles肝叶萎缩lobar atrophy尾状叶caudate lobefalciform ligament 肝镰状韧带壶腹周围的periampullaryRetroduodenal 十二指肠后的空肠（的）jejunum (jejunal)ileum (ileal) 回肠（的）colon(colonic) 结肠（的）rectum (rectal) 直肠（的）anal canal 肛管oncology 肿瘤学oncological肿瘤学的肿瘤，新生物neoplasm肿瘤的，新生物的neoplastic肿瘤播种neoplastic seeding乳头瘤papillary tumor腺癌adenocarcinoma囊腺瘤cystadenoma睾丸testis胃泌素瘤gastrinoma鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma类癌carcinoid tumorssarcoma 肉瘤局灶性结节性增生focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)parenchymal disease 器质性疾病晚期癌症advanced cancerwell differentiated 分化良好结节nodulenodal metastases 淋巴结转移therapeutic effect 疗效neoadjuvant chemotherapy 新辅助化疗radiofrequency ablation 射频消蚀动脉化疗性栓塞arterial chemoembolization infiltrating浸润目视的检查[]的;肉眼macroscopically癌胚抗原carcinoembryonic antigen指征适应症indication禁忌证contraindication术前全面评估preoperative workuppostoperative morbidity rate 术后并发症发生率手术入路operative approach根治性手术根治术,radical operation整个地, en bloc 整块地不能做手术的不能手术的, inoperablepalliative 姑息的诊断性腹腔镜检查diagnostic laparoscopynon-therapeutic laparotomy 非治疗性剖腹探查术invasive techniques 微创技术procedural complications 手术并发症胰十二指肠切除术pancreaticoduodenectomyAdrenalectomy 肾上腺切除术thrombectomy血栓摘除术lymphadenectomy 淋巴结切除术Lymph Node Dissection 淋巴结清扫术lymph node harvest 淋巴结清扫end to side anastomosis 端侧吻合术hepaticojejunostomy 肝空肠吻合术cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术Caudate lobectomy 尾状叶切除术radiopharmaceutical agent 放射性药剂iodized oil碘化油无水乙醇absolute ethanolscintigraphy 闪烁扫描术helical 螺旋的,螺旋状,螺旋状的cross sectional imaging 横断层面成像magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 磁共振成像endoscopy retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)内镜下逆行胆胰管造影magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)磁共振胰胆管成像intraoperative ultrasonography 术中超声检查法CT对比增强扫描contrast enhanced computed tomographypositron emission tomography PET正电子发射断层扫描cholangiogram胆管造影Recurrence 复发follow up 随访伴发的,附随的concomitantcomorbidities 并存病出血,流血bleeding溢出,外渗extravasation胆道出血hemobilia胆瘘biliary fistula胸腔积液pleural effusion肺水肿lung edema脾肿大splenomegaly脾功能亢进hypersplenism肝性脑病hepatic encephalopathyascites腹水膈下脓肿subphrenic abscessendotoxaemia 内毒素血症心肌梗死myocardial infarctionpyrexial 发热的hypothermic 低体温的胆管狭窄Biliary Stricturesteatohepatitis 脂肪性肝炎fatty liver 脂肪肝脂肪组织adipose tissueprimary sclerosing cholangitis原发性硬化性胆管炎angina 心绞痛sepsis 败血症,脓毒症灌注perfusion离体,在活体外ex vivo原位in situ右上象限right upper quadrant近心端proximal part神经周围的perineural分岔二根分叉部bifurcation , 身体的同侧的,同侧的ipsilateral机构审查委员会Institutional Review Board伦理学委员会Ethics Committeespredispose to 易患，使易感染、诱发血小板platelethyperalimentation 高营养支持cirrhotic 硬变的并发症，发病率morbidity用药medicationsdislodge 移去,逐出,取出gonadal性腺的,生殖腺的组织学的Histologicfrozen section 冰冻切片atrophy萎缩hypertrophy 肥大,过度生长增殖,增生proliferation数量性肥大增生; hyperplasia干细胞Stem cells骨髓衍生的bone marrow derived上皮,上皮细胞epitheliumencased包裹重构,重建再造, reconstruction 炎症性的inflammatory广谱抗菌素broad spectrum antibioticsblood culture 血培养杆菌] Gram Negative bacillus [革兰阴性芽胞cutsurface 切面支架stentcatheter导管direct cannulation直接插管分光光度计spectrophotometer rupture 破裂,vt.(使)破裂somatostatin 生长抑素细胞外基质Extracellular Matrixcohort 同期组群住院时间Length of Stayafter discharge 出院后,成层的分层的stratified明确的clear cut在这方面In this regard是有代价的come at a cost, 进行性地渐进地progressively基础理论原理rationale , 同类的同质的homogeneous不同的异类的, heterogeneousputative假定的无所不能的全能的, omnipotentas controls 作为对照预处理preconditionedpreconditioning 预处理前瞻性prospectivelyprospective randomized date 前瞻性随机数据疾病特异性生存率Disease-Specific survival irreversible 不可逆的references 参考Cochrane 循证医学胰胆管造影术cholangiopancreatographyresolution 分辨率（决心，决议解决）herein 如此,鉴于，在此处医源性iatrogenic减轻缓和, palliation连续缝合running suture原位肝移植orthotopic liver transplantation放化疗chemoradiation癌前变化preneoplastic change致癌作用carcinogenesisdysplasia 发育不良,不典型增生内镜置管术endoprosthesis瘙痒prurituspruritis 瘙痒症病原学Etiology (aetiology)病原学的etiologicepidemiology 流行病学流行病学的epidemiological病理生理学pathophysiology lesion 病变Radionuclide 放射性核素nitrosamine亚硝胺类发病机制pathogenesis carcinoid 类癌Mucinous Adenocarcinoma 粘液腺癌透明细胞腺癌Clear cell adenocarcinoma印戒细胞腺癌Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma 腺鳞状癌Adenosquamous Carcinoma鳞状细胞癌Squamous Cell Carcinoma燕麦细胞癌Oat Cell Carcinoma未分化癌Undifferentiated Carcinoma乳头状瘤病PapillomatosisPapillary Carcinoma 乳头状癌肝母细胞瘤hepatoblastoma血管内皮瘤Haemangioendothelioma神经内分泌瘤neuroendocrine tumour Leiomyosarcoma 平滑肌肉瘤malignant fibrous histiocytoma 恶化纤维组织细胞瘤结节性肿瘤nodular tumorscachexia 恶液质消毒,灭菌sterilizesurgical radicality 手术的根治性angiogenetic 血管生成angiogenic 血管源性的，生成血管的antiangiogenic 抗血管生成的chemosensitization 化疗增敏photosensitizer 感光剂,光敏剂放射，照射irradiation适形放射治疗conformational radiotherapy短距离放射治疗brachytherapy立体定位的,立体定向的stereotactic介入放射学interventional radiology奥沙利铂oxaliplatindoxorubicin 多柔比星吉西他滨gemcitabineimmunosuppressant 免疫抑制剂门静脉造影术Portographycontrast agent 造影剂对比剂,碘油lipiodol碘伏Iodophorcystic duct胆囊管choledochal duct 胆总管胆总管囊肿choledochal cysts Choledocholithiasis 胆总管结石hepatolithiasis肝内胆管结石病东方人胆管肝炎oriental cholangiohepatitis Biliary malformation 胆管畸形Liver fluke 肝吸虫protocol 治疗方案治疗方案therapeutic regimen姑息治疗Palliative Treatment体征和症状Signs and Symptoms,多血质多血症plethora鉴别诊断Differential Diagnosis随机对照试验Randomized Controlled Trials肠蠕动肠动, enterocinesia结扎术Ligation官腔阻塞luminal obstruction screening 筛选,, 普检筛查易感因素predisposing factor增强易感性enhanced susceptibility hyperbaric oxygen treatment 高压氧治疗asymptomatic 无症状的indolent 无痛的顽固性疼痛Intractable Pain visceral 内脏的steatosis 脂肪变性latency 潜伏期side effects副作用decompensation 失代偿anoxia 缺养症缺氧的anoxic缺氧血症; 血缺氧anoxemia.,局部缺血缺血ischemia缺血再灌注损伤Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury缺血性改变ischemic change贫血anemiapyogenic 化脓的化脓性,脓性的purulent肝肿大hepatomegaly裂脐umbilical fissurecytokine 细胞因子神经肽neuropeptide神经递质neurotransmitterfluorescence in situ hybridization荧光原位杂交坏死necrosis细胞坏死necrocytosisapoptosis 凋亡apoptotic 细胞凋亡的纤维成形性反应desmoplastic reaction oncogene 癌基因Suppressor Genes 抑制基因genetic 遗传的基因外改变epigenetic change超甲基化hypermethylation顺序发生sequential occurrence逐步的分步的, 分段的,stepwise间质mesenchymal形态morphology, atypia 异型性非典型表型Phenotype脱水dehydration石蜡paraffinimpregnation ,受精, 受孕浸渍埋植包埋embedding ,连续切片serial sectionanesthesia 麻醉麻醉学anesthesiology麻醉师anesthetistpalpation 触诊orifice 管口,口,小孔一个管口one orificeintubate插管pancreatic secretion 胰腋centrifuge 离心,,离心机管子cannulationreactive oxygen species 活性氧再通，再穿通recanalizationCeliac Plexus 腹腔丛微动脉的,小动脉的arteriolar侧支循环Collateral Circulationintima 内膜内膜下的subintimal线粒体mitochondria多病灶的multifocalendemic 地方性的适合的amenablemore specifically 更具体地说主要依据mainstay扭折纽结, kink致命的lethal peculiarity 特性armamentarium 医疗设备,设备demarcate 划界线,分开,区别paucity 资料贫乏migration 移位interim report 中期报告虚无主义的nihilistic难理解的，神秘的enigmatic隐匿的，潜隐的occult尸检autopsy腐屑,腐质,碎屑detritus顺行的antegraderetrograde逆行的内源的,内生的endogenous外源的,外生的exogenousintracorporeal 体内的体外的extracorporeal自分泌autocrine旁分泌paracrinexenogenic ,异体的异种的隐原性的原因不明的, cryptogenic 隐袭地insidiously congenital 先天的,天生的hereditary 遗传的,遗传性的pitfall 缺陷Biliary anomalies 胆道畸形cholecystolithiasis胆囊结石cholecystitis 胆囊炎胆总管结石choledocholithiasis总胆红素total bilirubinunconjugated bilirubin 游离胆红素结合胆红素conjugated bilirubin胆栓bile plugsinusoid 血窦，窦状隙窦状隙的血窦的sinusoidal 经颈静脉的transjugular portosystemic shunt 门体分流术肝昏迷hepatic coma高氨血症hyperammonaemia低白蛋白血症hypoalbuminemia神经精神性的neuropsychiatric, 意识错乱confusion 意识模糊disorientation 定向障碍星形胶质细胞astrocyte inflammatory mediator 炎症介质neutrophil (neutrophilic granulocyte) 嗜中性粒细胞macrophage 巨噬细胞phagocyte 吞噬细胞phagocytosis 吞噬作用mitogen 促细胞分裂原,有丝分裂原网状内皮系统reticuloendothelial system合酶Synthase调节异常,失调dysregulationchromosome 染色体核异型nuclear atypia核苷酸nucleotidemitochondria 线粒体线粒体的mitochondrial微粒体microsome微粒体的microsomaldetoxify 解毒，戒烟毒, 去毒,戒毒治疗detoxification 脱毒作用解毒(), 致癌物carcinogen,诱变剂mutagen 致突变原糖类抗原标志物carbohydrate antigen 糖链抗原, 糖蛋白glycoproteinextirpation 摘除malignant transformation 恶变,恶性转化forceps biopsy 钳夹活检,钳夹活检术经十二指肠乳头transpapillarystenosis 狭窄stenotic狭窄的通畅率patency rate脉管系统vasculature(DIC) 弥散性血管内凝血diffuse intravascular coagulation凝血和纤溶系统coagulant and fibrinolytic systemscirculatory disturbance 循环紊乱血管通透性Vascular Permeability血管扩张vasodilatationvasopressor 血管升压类药物加压素vasopressin内皮缩血管肽endothelin前列腺素prostaglandin隐静脉Saphenous Veins肾素reninangiotensin 血管紧张素醛固酮aldosterone雌激素(estrin) oestrogenprogestogen (progestin) 孕激素androgen (androtin) 雄激素testosterone 睾酮急性肾小管坏死acute tubular necrosisoedema 水肿oliguria少尿症利尿剂diuretic(a)血液滤过haemofiltration透析dialyse透析液dialysate (Dialysis Solutions)急性呼吸窘迫综合征acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 横隔diaphragm呼吸困难dyspnea肺水肿pulmonary oedema通气功能障碍ventilatory dysfunction全胃肠外营养Total Parenteral Nutrition肠道营养enteral nutrition吸收不良malabsorptionvenoplasty 血管成形术血肿hematoma穿孔perforation穿刺术,穿刺paracentesis granulomatous inflammation 肉芽肿性炎症Bacterial Translocation 细菌移位the administration of antibiotics 抗生素的应用prophylactic antibiotics 预防性抗生素synbiotic therapy 合生元治疗free radical自由基乳酸盐lactate不适感,全身乏力malaise发作episode特发性的,自发性的idiopathic示踪剂tracer再手术relaparotomy轻度到中度mild to moderatemultifactorial 多因子的,多因素的碘海醇iohexol普鲁卡因procainelidocaine 利多卡因镇痛analgesia裂开dehiscencecryopreserved冷藏保存的discriminant analysis 判别分析尸体的cadavericsubjects 受试者涂去,抹消,删除obliterationmilieu 环境,境界potent 有力的,有效的示意图,原理图schematic diagrammisidentification 错误认同,错认推导公式, 算法, algorithm强回声strong echo声影acoustic shadow高回声（的）hyperecho(ic)等回声（的）isoecho(ic)hypoecho(ic) 低回声（的）无回声（的）anecho(ic)无菌术aseptic techniqueasepsis 灭菌消毒antisepsisemergency operation 急诊手术confine operation 限期手术择期手术selective operationevidence-based medicine 循证医学polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶链反应inquiry 问诊chief complaints 主诉history collection 病史采集history of present illness 现病史past history 既往史personal history 个人史婚姻史marital history月经史menstrual history生育史child bearing history家族史family history体格检查physical examination视诊inspection触诊palpationpercussion 叩诊听诊auscultation腹痛abdominal pain腹胀abdominal distensiondiarrhea 腹泻便秘constipation恶心nauseavomit 呕吐大便stoolurine 小便aspiration 误吸asphyxia (apnea) 窒息atelectasis 肺不张arrhythmia 心律失常cardiac arrest 心脏骤停心室纤颤ventricular fibrillation高热hyperthermia低温hypothermiaNatrium (sodium) 钠钾Kalium (potassium)氯Chlorine钙Calcium镁Magnesium磷Phosphorus离子ion体内平衡homoeostasis紊乱derangementisotonic dehydration 等渗性缺水hypotonic dehydration 低渗性缺水hypertonic dehydration 高渗性缺水水中毒water intoxication hyponatremia 低钠血症hypernatremia高钠血症hypochloremia 低氯血症hyperchloremia 高氯血症hypokalemia 低钾血症hyperkalemia 高钾血症低钙血症hypocalcemia高钙血症hypercalcemia低镁血症hypomagnesemia高镁血症hypermagnesemia低磷血症hypophosphatemia高磷血症hyperphosphatemia代谢性酸中毒metabolic acidosis代谢性碱中毒metabolic alkalosisrespiratory acidosis 呼吸性酸中毒呼吸性碱中毒respiratory alkalosis血细胞比容hematocrit (Hct)自体输血autologous blood transfusionsalvaged autotransfusion 回收式自体输血predeposited autotransfusion 预存式自体输血hemodiluted autotransfusion 稀释式自体输血冷沉淀cryoprecipitatefuruncle 疖furunculosis 疖病carbuncle 痈acute lymphangitis 急性淋巴管炎erysipelas 丹毒abscess 脓肿皮肤癌dermoid cancer黑痣melanotic黑色素瘤melanoma脂肪瘤lipoma神经鞘瘤neurinoma神经纤维瘤neurofibroma毛细血管瘤capillary hemangioma angiocavernoma 海绵状血管瘤蔓状血管瘤racemosum hemangioma皮脂腺囊肿sebum cysttetanus 破伤风坏疽gangrene二重感染superinfectionsepticemia 败血症清创术debridement单纯性甲状腺肿simple goiter hyperthyroidism 甲亢hypothyroidism 甲减mastitis 乳腺炎mastopathy 乳腺病，乳腺增生症mastectomy 乳房切除术teratoma 畸胎瘤腹股沟疝inguinal hernia股疝femoral hernia切口疝incisional hernia脐疝umbilial hernia白线疝hernia of linea alba肠间脓肿interloop abscess幽门螺杆菌helicobacter pylory (HP)幽门梗阻pyloric obstruction迷走神经切断术vagotomy淋巴瘤lymphomaduodenal diverticulum 十二指肠憩室肠套叠intussusception息肉polypsulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎直肠脱垂rectal prolapse直肠肛管周围脓肿anorectal abscess anal fistula 肛瘘anal fissure 肛裂haemorrhoids 痔internal haemorrhoids 内痔external haemorrhoids 外痔mixed haemorrhoids 混合痔环形痔annulus haemorrhoids直肠与结肠切除术proctocolectomy大手术major operation网膜omentum胰胆管的pancreaticobiliary胆小管Bile canaliculus纵隔mediastinum方叶quadrate lobe有机的organic ,器官的干扰素interferon肾小球滤过率glomerular filtration rate暴发性肝衰竭Fulminant Liver FailureNephrotic Syndrome 肾病综合征enteropathy肠病,肠病变Esophageal cancer 食管癌胃食管静脉曲张gastroesophageal varices Supine Position 仰卧位informed consent 知情同意sequelae 后遗症,转归demarcate 划界线,分开,区别postprandial 食后的to date迄今为止关于regarding血清学的serologic血清学Serologyhepaplastin test 肝促凝血活酶试验尿素urea血红素hemeanionic 阴离子的。