absolute reproductive value 绝对生殖值abundance 多度abyssal zone 深海带acclimation 驯化accumulation horizon 淀积层aestivation 夏眠age structure 年龄结构age-specific life table 特定年龄生命表agroecosystem 农业生态系统alleles 等位基因allelochemic 异种信息素/种间外激素Allen’s rule 阿伦法则allogenic succession 异发演替allopatric speciation 异域性物种altruism 利他行为asexual reproduction 无性生殖association group 群丛组association table 群丛表association unit theory 群丛单位理论associations 群丛Autecology 个体生态学autogenic succession 自发演替autotrophs 自养生物Acid precipitation 酸沉降Acid rain 酸雨Agricultural eco-engineering 农业生态工程Agricultural ecology, agroecology 农业生态学Agricultural economical zoning 农业经济区位Agricultural resources 农业资源Agroecosystem 农业生态系统Agroforestry 农林业系统Allee’s principle 阿利氏群聚原则Allelochemicals 化感物质Allelopathy 化感作用Artificial auxiliary energy 人工辅助能Artificial direct regulation 人工直接调控Artificial information flow 人工信息流Auxiliary energy 辅助能balancing selection hypothesize 平衡说basal area 底面积Bergman’s rule 贝格曼规律bethal zone 半深海带biocoenosis 生物群落bioconcentration 生物浓缩biological enrichment 生物富集biomagnification 生物放大biomass 生物量biome 生物带bionomic strategy 生态对策biosphere 生物圈Biodynamic agriculture 生物动力农业Biogecochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环Biological agriculture 生物农业Biological control 生物防治Biological energy subsidies 生物辅助能Biological oxygen demand BOD 生化需氧量生化耗氧量Biomass 生物量Bionomic strategies 生态对策Biological micro-cycle 生物小循环bottle neck 瓶颈C3 plant C3植物C4 plant C4植物CAM plant CAM植物Capital flow 资金流Carrying capacity 环境容纳量Chemical ecology 化学生态学Chemical oxygen demand COD 化学耗氧量Chinese Ecological Agriculture 中国生态农业Climax 顶极群落Coase’s theory 高斯理论Coevolution 协同进化Commensalisms 偏利作用Community 群落Competition 竞争Competition exclusion principle 竞争排斥原理Components structure 组分结构Controlled availability fertilizers, CAFs 控效肥料Crop productivity potential 作物生产潜力cannibalism 同种相食carnivores 食肉动物carring capacity 负荷量catastrophic 灾难性因素chamaephytesCh 地上芽植物character displacement 特征替代cheliophytes 阴性植物climate climax 气候顶级climate school 气候学派climax community 顶级群落climax 顶级群落cline 渐变群closed community 封闭群落clumped 集群分布coadapted system 协同适应系统coarse grained 粗粒性分布co-dynamics 相互动态co-evolution 协同进化cohort 同生群cold desert 冷荒漠colonization 定居, 建群coloration 色泽communities in littoral zone 沿岸生物群落communities in the limnetic zone 湖沼带生物群落communities in the profundal zone 深水带生物群落Community ecology 群落生态学community matrix 群落矩阵community organization 群落组织community 群落companion species 伴生种compen-satory predation 补偿性捕食competition coefficient 竞争系数competition hypothesis 竞争假说competitive exclusion 竞争排除competive lottery 抽彩式竞争conservation 保守主义者conspicuousness 显著度constancy 恒有度contest competition 干扰竞争contest type of competition 争夺型竞争continental rise 大陆隆continental shelf 大陆架continental slope 大陆坡convergent adaptation 趋同适应convergent oscillation 趋同波动cost of gene recombination 基因重组价cost of mating 交配价cost of meiosis 减数分裂价courtship behavior 求偶行为coverage 盖度crude density 原始密度cryptophytesCr 隐芽植物Decomposer 分解者Desertification 土地沙漠化Detritus food chain 腐食食物链decomposition 分解作用delayed density dependence 延后密度制约density effect 密度效应density ratio 密度比density-dependent 密度制约density-independent 非密度制约deterministic model 决定模型detrial food chain 碎食物链detritus feeder 食碎生物development 发育differential species 区别种diffuse competition 分散竞争diominant-submissive 支配—从属directional selection 定向选择discrete generation 离散世代disruptive selection 分裂选择disturbance climax/disclimax 偏途顶级divergent oscillation 趋异波动dominance 优势度dominant species 建群种dominant species 优势种dominant-submissive 支配—从属关系dry desert 干荒漠dynamic classification 动态分类系统dynamic life table 动态生命表dynamic-composite life table 动态混合生命表earth nucleus 地幔earth’s crust 地核Ecological amplitude 生态幅ecological density 生态密度ecological dominance 生态优势ecological environment 生态环境ecological equivalent 生态等值种ecological factor 生态因子ecological force 生态力ecological invasion 生态入侵ecological natality 生态出生率ecological release 生态释放Ecology 生态学ecosystem development 生态系统的发育Ecosystem ecology 生态系统生态学ecosystem 生态系统acetone hypothesis 生态交错带假说ecotype 生态型ectoderm 外温动物edge effect 边缘效应etiolating phenomenon 黄化现象emergy 能值emigration 迁出endogenous migration 内因性迁移endoderm 内温动物environment hormone 环境激素environment 环境equilibrium theory 平衡理论euphonic zone 透光带euryecious 广栖的euryhaline 广盐性的euryhydric 广水性的euryphagic 广食性的eurythermal 广温性的eurytopic species 广适种eutrophication 富营养化evergreen hardwood forest 常绿硬材林Evolution ecology 进化生态学evolution force 进化力exogenous migration 外因性迁移exploitive competition 利用竞争exponetial growth 指数增长Eco-economical zoning 生态经济区位Ecological agriculture 生态农业Ecological agriculture model pattern 生态农业模式Ecological density 生态密度Ecological effect 生态效益Ecological efficiency 生态效率Ecological factor 生态因子Ecological engineering 生态工程Ecological pyramid 生态金字塔生态锥体Ecological succession 演替Ecological sustainability 生态持续性Ecology 生态学Economic effect 经济效益Economic externality 经济外部性Ecosystem 生态系统Ecotone 群落交错区生态交错区Ecotope 景观元素生态点Ecotype 生态型Edge effect 边缘效应Embodied energy 内含能Emergent property of system 系统的整合特性Energy analysis 能流分析Energy flow chart 能流图Energy flow path 能流路径Energy flow structure 能流结构Energy flowing 能量流Entropy 熵Eutrophication 富营养化Exponential growth form 种群指数增长模式External benefit 收益外泄External cost 成本外摊Feed back 反馈作用First law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律Fish pond-dike system 基塘系统Flow 流Food chain 食物链Food chain structure 食物链结构Food web 食物网Free energy 自由能First law of resources economic 资源经济学第一定律Functional component adundence 功能组分冗余facultative parthenogenesis 孤雌生殖facultative parthenogenesis 兼性孤雌生殖facultative 兼性因素family selection 家庭选择farmland ecosystem 农田生态系统fecundity schedule 生育力表fecundity 生育力feedback 反馈feeding niches 取食生态位filter food 滤食性生物fine grained 细粒性分布finite rate of increase 周限增长率fitness 合适度floristic-structural classification 植物区系—结构分类系统fluctuation 波动food chain 食物链formation group 群系组formation 群系formation 植物群系foundational niche 基础生态龛freshwater ecology 淡水生态学freshwater ecosystem 淡水生态系统function response 功能反应gamete selection 配子选择gaps 缺口gaseous cycle 气体循环geng pool 基因库geographic variation 地理变异geographical theory of speciation 物种形成geometric growth 几何级数增长geophytesG 地下芽植物global ecology 全球生态gradient hypothesis 梯度假说grain 粒性grazer 牧食生物grazing food chain 捕食食物链greenhouse effect 温室效应gregarization pheromone 聚集信息素gross primary production 总初级生产力group selection 群体选择growth form 生长型guild 同资源团habal zone 深渊带habitat 生境heath 石楠群丛height 高度hemicryptophytesHe 地面芽植物herbivore 植食herbivores 植食动物heterotrophic succession 异养演替heterotrophs 异养生物hibernation 冬眠homeostasis 内稳态homeostasis 自调节稳态homeostatic organism 内稳态生物homeostatic process 内稳定过程human demography 人口统计学Human ecology 人类生态学humus 腐殖质hydrarch succession 水生演替hydrosere 水生演替系列immigration 迁入importance value 重要值individual converse rate 个体转化率industrial melanism 工业黑化现象inner capacity increase 内禀增长力inner-environment 内环境instantaneous rate of increase 瞬间增长率intensity 强度interference competition 干扰竞争interference competition 干扰竞争intermediate disturbance hypothesis 中度干扰假说internal distribution pattern 内分布型interspecfic relationship 种间关系intertidal zone 潮间带intraspecific relationship 种内关系inversely density dependent 反密度制约Island ecology 岛屿生态学iteroparity 多次繁殖生物iteroparous 多次生殖Jordan’s rule 约丹定律keystone species 关键种kin selection 亲属选择kin selection 亲属选择k-strategists k-策略者land cover 土地覆盖land use 土地利用Landscape ecology 景观生态学law of constant final yield 最后产量衡值法则law of the minimum 最小因子法则law of tolerance 耐受性法则layer 层leached layer 淋溶层leaf area index 叶面积指数leaf area indexLAS 叶面积指数lentic ecosystem 静水生态系统life cycle 生活周期life expectancy 生命期望life form spectrum 生活型谱life form 生活型life history strategy 生活史对策life history 生活史lifespan 生活年限lifetime 寿命limit of tolerance 忍受性限度littoral zone 沿岸带lotic ecosystem 流水生态系统macroclimate 大气候macrofauna 大型生物Marine ecology 海洋生态学marine ecosystem 海洋生态系统maximum natality 最大出生率maximum sustained yield 最大持续生产量megafauna 巨型生物mexofauna 中型生物microclimate 小气候microcolony 微菌落microcommunities 小群落micro-ecosystem 微生态系统micro-environment 微环境microfauna 小型生物microplankton 小型浮游生物migration 迁徙modular organism 构件生物modules 构件Molecular ecology 分子生态学monoclimax theory 单元演替顶级monocultute 单种养殖monogamy 单配偶制monpohagous 单食性monsoon forest 季风林mortality curve 死亡曲线mortality 死亡率mosaic 镶嵌性natality 出生率n-dimensional niche n 维生态龛negative feedback 负反馈net primary productionGP 净初级生产力neutrality controversy 中性说论战niche compression 生态位压缩niche separation 生态位分离niche shift 生态位分离niche 生态位non-equilibrium theory 非平衡理论non-homeostatic organism 非内稳态生物obiotic component 非生物成分ocean-current 洋流ohort life table 同群生命表omnivores 杂食动物open community 开放群落open shrublands 稀疏灌丛opportunist 机会主义者ordination 排序ornamentation 修饰panclimax 泛顶级pantropical 泛热带区parabiosphere 副生物圈parasites 寄生生物parasitoidism 拟寄生parent material 母质层parental care 亲代关怀parental investment 亲本投资patchiness 斑块性per capita growth rate 每员增长率perclimax 前顶级peritrophic mycorrhizae 周边营养性菌根phanerophytesPh 厄尔尼诺El Nino photoperiodism 光周期现象phyplankton 浮游植物physiognomy 外貌Physiological ecology 生理生态学physiological natality 生理出生率phytochrom 色素pioneer community 先锋群落pjarapatric speciation 邻域性物种plankon 浮游生物Poission distribution 泊松分布polyandry 一雌多雄制polyclimax theory 多元顶级理论polygamy 多配偶制polygyny 一雄多雌制polymorphism 多型现象polyphagous 多食性的Population ecology 种群生态学population 种群porosity 粒间空隙positive feedback 正反馈postclimax 超顶级predation 捕食者predator 捕食者present reproductive value 当年繁殖价值prevail climax 优势顶级prey 猎物prezygotic mechanism 合子前隔离primary production 初级生产primary succession 初级演替primary succession 原生演替principle of allocation 分配原理principle of competitive exclusion 竞争互斥原理production rate 生产率production 生产量productivity 生产力progressive succession 进展演替protogynous hermaphriodism 雌雄同体pyramid of energy 能量金字塔radiation adaptation 趋异适应random 随机分布rare species 偶见种reaction time lag 反应滞时reactive species 反映性物种realized natality 实际出生率realized nick 实际生态龛regressive succession 逆行演替relative frequency 相对频度relative reproductive value 相对生殖值reproduction effect 生殖成效reproductive cost 繁殖成本reproductive pattern 生殖格局reproductive time lag 生殖滞时reproductive value 生殖值residual reproductive value 剩余繁殖价值resilient stability 恢复稳定性resistant stability 抵抗稳定性Restoration ecology 恢复生态学richness 丰度r-k continuum of strategies r-k略连续系统r-strategists r-策略者saprovores 食腐者savanna woodland 热带稀树草原林地scavenger 食腐者sciophytes 阳性植物scramble competition 利用竞争scramble type of competition 分摊型竞争secondary metabolites 次生代谢物质secondary production 次级生产力secondary succession 次生演替secondary 次级演替sedimentary cycle 沉积循环selective fertilization 选择受精self-destructive 自我破坏semelparity 一次繁殖生物semelparous 一次生殖sex ratio 性比sexual dimorphism 雌雄二形现象sexual reproduction 有性生殖sexual selection 性选择shade plants 耐阴性植物Shannon-Weiner index 香农—威纳指数sieve selection hypothesis 筛选说similarity 相似度Simpson’s diversity index 辛普森多样性指数social group 社群social hierarchy 社会等级social-economic-natural complex ecosystem 社会--经济--自然复合系统solar emergy 太阳能值solar emjoules 太阳能焦耳solar transformity 太阳能值转换率spatial pattern 空间格局special heterogeneity 空间异质性speciation 物种形成species area curve 物种面积曲线species diversity 物种多样性species evenness or equitability 种的均匀度species heterogeneity 种的不齐性species turnover rate 种的周转率spore reproduction 孢子生殖stability-resilience 稳定恢复力stabilizing selection 稳定选择standing crop 现存量static life table 静态生命表stenoecious 窄栖性的stenohaline 窄盐性的stenohydric 窄水性的stenophagic 窄食性的stenothermal 窄温性的steppe and semideserty 干草原和半荒漠stochastic model 随机模型stratification 成层现象subassociation 亚群丛组subdominant 亚优势种subformation 亚群系succession 演替succulent 肉质植物succulent 肉质植物summed dominance ratio SDR综合优势比summer-green deciduous forest 夏绿落叶林survivorship curve 存活曲线sympatric speciation 同域性物种Synecology 群落生态学synusia 层片Terrestrial ecology 陆地生态学territorial behavior 领域行为territoriality 领域性the –2/3 thinning law –2/3自疏法则the effect of neighbours 邻接效应therophytes Th 一年生植物thertnoperiodism 温周期现象thorn forest and scrub 多刺森林和密灌丛time-specific life table 特定时间生命表torpor 蛰伏total neutrality hypothesis 中性说trophic level 营养级trophic relationship 营养的联系trophic relationship 营养联系tundra and cold forest 苔原和冷森林uniform 均匀分布unitary organism 单体生物univoltine insects 一化性的昆虫upper horizon 覆盖层Urban ecology 城市生态学vegetation subtype 植被亚型vegetation type group 植被型组vegetation type 植被型vegetative propagation 营养生殖volume 体积water cycle 水循环weight 重量xerarch succession 旱生演替xerophytes 旱生植物zero net growth isoline ZNGI零增长线zone of emergent vegetation 挺水植物带zooplankton 浮游动物El Nino 厄尔尼诺feedback 反馈reflex 反射generalist 泛化种defennce behavior 防卫行为flower visitor 访花昆虫non-hierarchical 非等级的non-spatial model 非空间模型non-homeostatic organism 非内稳态生物nonequilibrium metapopulation 非平衡态复合种群nonequilibrium habitat-tracking metapopulation 非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群nonequilibrium declining metapopulation 非平衡态下降复合种群non—niche 非生态位physical environment 非生物环境nonlinear 非线性关系dispersion 分布decomposer 分解者branching process 分支过程molecular taxonomy 分子分类学the neutral theory of molecular evolution 分子进化的中性理论molecular ecology 分子生态学molecular systematics 分子系统学plankton 浮游动物negative feedback 负反馈carrying capacity 负荷量negative interaction 负相互作用negative selection 负选择epifauna 附底动物metapopulation 复合种群eutrohication 富营养化现象relamation 改良coverage 盖度cover ratio 盖度比disturbance 干扰disturbance patch 干扰斑块disturbance corridor 干扰廊道interference 干扰作用height 高度Coarse's hypothesis 高斯假说Coarse's theory 高斯理论phanerophytes 高位芽植物Grenville Orogenesis 格林威尔造山运动individual 个体individualistic concept 个体论概念renewal 更新functional niche 功能生态位aggressive behavior 攻击行为modules 构件modular organism 构件生物keystone species 关键种association coefficients 关联系数light saturation point 光饱和点light compensation point 光补偿点photoperiod 光周期filter 过滤器Hardy-Weinberg principle 哈德-温伯格原理Ocean ecosytem 海洋生态系统Cambrian period 寒武纪siccocolous 旱生植物river corridor 河流廊道contancy 恒有度mangrove 红树林respiration 呼吸量mutualism 互利synomone 互利素synomonal 互利作用allelopathy 化感作用chemical defence 化学防御chemical ecology 化学生态学allelochemicals 化学物质chemocryptic 化学隐藏divisive 划分的environment 环境environmental ethics 环境伦理学environmental carryin capacity 环境容纳量environmental resource patch 环境资源斑块environmental resource corridor 环境资源廊道desert 荒漠desertification 荒漠化desert ecosystem 荒漠生态系统eitiolation phenomenon 黄化现象restoration ecology 恢复生态学chaos 混沌学mixed type 混合型exchange pool 活动库acquired behavior 获得性行为organismic school 机体论学派Fundamental niche 基础生态位Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include thediversity, distribution, amount biomass, number population of organisms, as well as competition between them within and amongecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is calledbiodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species,genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.生态是生物和环境之间的相互作用,如生物相互之间以及与他们的非生物环境的相互作用的科学的研究;生态学家感兴趣的话题包括的thediversity,分布量生物量,数量人口的生物,以及他们之间的竞争和amongecosystems内;包括生物体的动态相互作用的部分组成的生态系统,他们的社区做起来,他们的环境和非生物成分;生态过程,如初级生产,成土作用,养分循环,各种小生建设活动的环境,通过调节能量和物质通量;这些过程持续生物体特定的生活史,各种生物calledbiodiversity;生物多样性是指物种,基因和生态系统的品种,提高一定的生态系统服务;Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology" "Ökologie" was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel 1834–1919. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology transformed into a more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts on adaptation and natural selection became cornerstones of modernecological theory. Ecology is not synonymous with environment,environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is an important focus area in ecological studies. Ecologists seek to explain:生态学是一个跨学科领域,包括生物学和地球科学; “生态学”的“Ökologie”,是由德国科学家恩斯特·海克尔1834-1919于1866年创造的;如古希腊哲学家希波克拉底和亚里士多德在他们的研究奠定了基础,生态,自然历史;现代生态转化为更严格的科学在19世纪后期;适应和自然选择的进化概念成为了基石modernecological理论;生态环境,环保,自然历史,或环境科学的代名词;它是密切相关,进化生物学,遗传学和行为学;理解生物多样性如何影响生态功能是生态研究的一个重点领域;生态学家寻求解释：Life processes, interactions and adaptationsThe movement of materials and energy through living communitiesThe successional development of ecosystems, andThe abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.生命过程,相互作用和适应通过物质和能量的运动生活社区生态系统的演替发展,上下文环境中的生物和生物多样性的丰度和分布;Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management,natural resource management agroecology, agriculture, forestry,agroforestry, fisheries, city planning urban ecology, community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction human ecology. Organisms and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living biotic and nonliving abiotic components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production food, fuel, fiber and medicine, the regulationof climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.生态是人类科学;有很多实际应用中的生态保护生物学,湿地管理,自然资源管理农业生态学,农业,林业,农林业,渔业,城市规划城市生态,社区卫生,经济,基础科学和应用科学,人类社会的互动人类生态学;生物和资源组成的生态系统,反过来,保持生物物理反馈机制,适度的过程,作用于生活生物和无生命的星球生物的组件;生态系统维持生命支持功能和生产生物质生产食品,燃料,纤维和医药,调节气候等自然资本,全球生物地球化学循环,过滤水,土壤的形成,控制水土流失,防洪和许多其他科学的自然特征,历史,经济,或内在价值;Hierarchical ecologyThe scale of ecological dynamics can operate like a closed system, such as aphids migrating on a single tree, while at the same time remain open with regard to broader scale influences, such as atmosphere or climate. Hence, ecologists classify ecosystems hierarchically by analyzing data collected from finer scale units, such as vegetation associations, climate, and soil types, and integrate this information to identify emergent patterns of uniform organization and processes that operate on local to regional, landscape, and chronological scales.生态动力学的规模可以象一个封闭的系统,如在一个单一的树进行迁移的蚜虫操作,而在同一时间保持打开状态,关于更广泛的范围的影响,如大气或气候;因此,生态学家生态系统分类较细规模的单位,如植被协会,气候和土壤类型,通过分析收集的数据分层,整合此信息来确定突发模式统一组织和流程上操作的地方到区域,景观,实足鳞片;To structure the study of ecology into a conceptually manageable framework, the biological world is organized into a nested hierarchy, ranging in scale from genes, to cells, to tissues, to organs, to organisms, to species, topopulations, to communities, to ecosystems, to biomes, and up to the level of the biosphere.6 This framework forms a panarchy7 and exhibits non-linearbehaviors; this means that "effect and cause are disproportionate, so that small changes to critical variables, such as the number of nitrogen fixers, can lead to disproportionate, perhaps irreversible, changes in the system properties.组织生态学研究的一个概念管理的框架,组织成一个嵌套层次的生物世界,规模不等,从基因,细胞,组织,器官,生物体,以品种,群体,社区,生态系统,生物群落,最多对生物圈的水平;6该框架形成一panarchy7和展品的非线性行为,这意味着“效应而引起不成比例,从而使小的变化的关键变量,如固氮细菌的数量,可导致不相称的,或许是不可逆转的,在系统属性的变化;BiodiversityBiodiversity an abbreviation of "biological diversity" describes the diversity of life from genes to ecosystems and spans every level of biological organization. The term has several interpretations, and there are many ways to index, measure, characterize, and represent its complex organization.101112 Biodiversity includes species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity and scientists are interested in the way that this diversity affects the complex ecological processes operating at and among these respective levels.111314 Biodiversity plays an important role inecosystem services which by definition maintain and improve human quality of life.151612 Preventing species extinctions is one way to preserve biodiversity and that goal rests on techniques that preserve genetic diversity, habitat and the ability for species to migrate.citation needed Conservation priorities and management techniques require different approaches and considerations to address the full ecological scope of biodiversity.Natural capital that supports populations is critical for maintaining ecosystem services1718 and speciesmigration e.g., riverine fish runs and avian insect control has been implicated as one mechanism by which those service losses are experienced.19 An understanding of biodiversity has practical applications for species and ecosystem-level conservation planners as they make management recommendations to consulting firms, governments, and industry从基因到生态系统的生物多样性“生物多样性”的缩写描述生命的多样性,跨越各个层次的生物组织;这个词有几种解释,指数,衡量的方法有很多,检定和代表其复杂的组织;10 1112生物多样性包括物种多样性,生态系统多样性,遗传多样性和科学家感兴趣的是这种多样性影响的复杂的生态过程,在各自水平和经营方式;111314生物多样性生态系统服务的定义保持和提高人类的生活质量起着重要的作用;1516 12防止物种灭绝,是保护生物多样性的方式之一,目标在于技术,保持遗传多样性,栖息地和物种迁移的能力;引证需要优先保护和管理技术需要不同的方法和注意事项,以解决全生态生物多样性的范围;支持人口的自然资本是至关重要的维持生态系统服务17 18和物种迁移例如,运行河流鱼类和昆虫控制禽流感已牵连作为一个机制,这些服务亏损经历;19理解生物多样性,物种和生态系统一级保护规划具有实际应用,因为他们提出管理建议,咨询公司,政府和行业•。