温斯顿·伦纳德·斯宾塞·丘吉尔爵士
Sir Winston Churchill was a British prime minister and statesman who led the country to victory against Nazi Germany and the Axis powers in World War Two.
Family and early life
Churchill was born into the aristocratic family of the Dukes of Marlborough. Winston's father, Lord Randolph Churchill, the third son of John SpencerChurchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, was a politician; and his mother, Lady Randolph Churchill was the daughter of American millionaire Leonard Jerome.
Winston Churchill
(30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965)
"Never, never, never, never give up."
永远，永远，永远， 永远都不要放弃。
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
1881年，7岁的丘吉尔被送入一个贵族子弟学校读书，丘吉尔是学校中最顽皮、最贪吃、成 绩最差的学生之一，因此经常遭到老师的体罚，后来不得不转学到另一所学校。1888年丘 吉尔进入仅次于伊顿公学的哈罗公学就读，但是成绩依然不佳，伦道夫勋爵于是决定在儿 子毕业后将他送到桑赫斯特皇家军事学院。
Military service
Family and early life
Independent and rebellious by nature, Churchill generally did poorly in school, for which he was punished. He was educated at three independent schools: St. George's School, Ascot, Berkshire, followed by Brunswick School in Hove, near Brighton and then at Harrow School from 17 April 1888, where his military career began. Within weeks of his arrival, he had joined the Harrow Rifle Corps.
Political career to the Second World War
At the forefront of the political scene for almost fifty years, he held many political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War, he served as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary and First Lord of the Admiralty as part of the Asquith Liberal government. During the war he continued as First Lord of the Admiralty until the disastrous Battle of Gallipoli caused his departure from government. He returned as Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. In the interwar years, he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Conservative government.
丘吉尔出生于英国的一个贵族家庭。他的祖上约翰· 丘吉尔因在“光荣 革命”中支持威廉三世，且又在对西班牙和法国的战争中做为军队总司 令取得胜利而于1702年被安妮女王封为马尔巴罗公爵（Duke of Malborough）. 丘吉尔的父亲伦道夫· 丘吉尔勋爵（Randolph Churchill）是马尔巴罗 公爵七世的第三个儿子，是保守党“樱草会”（保守党中的一个派系， 以工人阶级为主）的创办人，曾担任过内阁中仅次于首相的财政大臣。 丘吉尔的母亲珍妮· 杰罗姆是美国百万富翁、《纽约时报》股东之一的 伦纳德· 杰罗姆的女儿。
After Churchill left Harrow in 1893, he applied to attend the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. It took three attempts before he passed the entrance exam.
丘吉尔在1893年离开了哈罗公学，此后经过了三次入学考试， 才于1893年成功考入桑赫斯特皇家军事学院。
Military service
In 1895, Churchill travelled to Cuba to observe the Spanish fight the Cuban guerrillas; he had obtained a commission to write about the conflict from the Daily Graphic. In Cuba, he soon acquired a taste for Havana cigars, which he would smoke for the rest of his life.
Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
Churchill had been among the first to recognise the growing threat of Hitler long before the outset of the Second World War.By refusing an armistice with Germany, Churchill kept resistance alive in the British Empire and created the basis for the later Allied counter-attacks of 1942–45, with Britain serving as a platform for the supply of Soviet Union and the liberation of Western Europe.
Military service
During his army career, Churchill saw action in India, in the Sudan and the Second Boer War. He gained fame and notoriety as a war correspondent and through contemporary books he wrote describing the campaigns. He also served briefly in the British Army on the Western Front in World War I, commanding the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers.
Political career to the Second World War
After the outbreak of the Second World War, Churchill was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, he became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and led Britain to victory against the Axis powers. Churchill was always noted for his speeches, which became a great inspiration to the British people and embattled Allied forces.
丘吉尔在同年9月以《晨邮报》记者的身份前往南非，采访第二次布尔战争。 在随英军士兵行伍途中，被布尔人俘虏（据闻是被日后成为南非总理的史 末资所掳），被关押在普勒多利亚的战俘营。丘吉尔虽然是随军记者，但 因携带武器并参加战斗，布尔人拒绝释放他。到了12月，丘吉尔大胆地独 自一人越狱成功，在当地一个英国侨民的帮助下逃到了洛伦索－马贵斯 （今莫桑比克首都马普托）的英国领事馆。这一经历使得他在英国的名声 大噪。