过去分词作定语1)语法功能过去分词或过去分词短语作定语时，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
被修饰的词是分词所表示的行为的承受者；在逻辑上，它们是动宾关系。
The stolen bike belongs to Jack. The bike which was stolen belongs to Jack.The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection.The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection.a.单个的过去分词作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词或代词前面。
the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一颗破碎的心a lost dog丧家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯Attention：过去分词修饰something，everything，anything，nothing，somebody，nobody，those 等不定代词时，要放在这些词后面。
Is there anything unsolved?There is noting changed here since I left this town.b. 过去分词短语作定语：通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句。
people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholerathe book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jackthe machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last yearc. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语时不表被动，只表完成。
a risen sun已升起的太阳 the gone days 逝去的时光fallen leaves 落叶2）现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别：现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的动作；过去分词作定语，所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，(或者没有一定的时间性)。
The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?这是你老师推荐的书吗？对比：the changing world（正在变化的）the changed world（变化了的）boiling water（正在沸腾的） boiled water（已经沸腾过的）fading flowers(正在凋谢的) faded flowers（已经凋谢的）a developing country(发展中的) a developed country（发达的）a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已经淹死的人falling leaves正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves落叶a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯3）及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的被动式(being done)都可以表示“被动”，但前者多表示一个完成了的动作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作.the problem discussed yesterdaythe problem being discussed过去分词做表语1.过去分词（短语）作表语时，其作用相当于adj.，说明的是主语的状态；All the windows are broken.All hope is gone.He looked worried after reading the letter.常见作表语的过去分词有：disappointed，drunk，amused，frightened，married，excited，experienced，interested，confused，pleased，puzzled，satisfied，tired，worried，gone， dressed， lost等。
注意过去分词作表语时和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意思明显不同，前者说明主语的特点及所处的状态，而后者强调被动的动作。
My glasses are broken.我的眼镜碎了。
(状态）My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。
（动作）1. The disc， digitally ______ in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.A. recordedB. recordingC. to be recordedD. having recorded2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company， ____ as 3M.A. knowingB. knownC. being knownD. to be known3. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa.A. invitedB. to inviteC. being invitedD. had been invited4. As soon as she entered the room， the girl caught sight of the flowers ____ by her mother.A. buyingB. being boughtC. were boughtD. bought5. Don’t use words， expressions or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.A. being knownB. having been knownC. to be knownD. known6. The computer center，_____ last year， is very popular among the students in this school.A. openB. openingC. having openedD. opened7. Cleaning women in big cities get _____ by the hour.A. payB. payingC. paidD. to pay8. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends.A. separatedB. sparedC. lostD. missed9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ___ as the plane was making a landing.A. seatB. seatingC. seatedD. to be seating10. Sarah， hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to _____ before the party.A. get changedB. get changeC. get changingD. get to changePart 4. Using Language1.Although he had tried to ignore them，all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion.....虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数据，然而他所有的数字计算都得出了一个相同的结论。
lead to 导致，通向His carelessness led to the accident.他的粗心导致了这场事故。
All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。
该短语中to为介词。
类似的短语还有：be used to stick to look forward to devote oneself to pay attention to2.Only if you put the sun there did the movement of the other plants in the sky make sense..只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
1）句中only 修饰if引导的状语从句，放在句首时，后面的主句要用倒装。
only位于句首，其后接副词或介词短语时，句子的主谓也要部分倒装。
Only then did I realize my mistake.只有到那时我才意识到我的错误。
Only in this way can you solve the problem.2）make sense 讲得通；有道理；有意义Here，read the sentence. It doesn’t seem to make sense.在这里，读这个句子，好像一点也讲不通。
Your story doesn’t make sense to me.你的故事对我没有意义。
3.Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. 然而他的这个理论不能告诉任何人，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。
would have done表示与过去事实相反的假设If I had seen the advertisement， I would have applied for the job.我要是看见那个广告，我就申请那份工作了。
虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法:If I had enough money， I would buy a car.She would have come if we had invited her.If it should rain/rained tomorrow， I should stay at home.4.His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish the ideas， but Copernicus was cautious.他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于众，而他却小心谨慎。