真题2011年的三级笔译Section 1 English-Chinese Translation ( 50 points )Translate the following passage into Chinese.This month, the United Nations Development Program made water and sanitation the centerpiece of its flagship publication, the Human Development Report.Claims of a "water apartheid," where poor people pay more for water than the rich, are bound to attract attention. But what are the economics behind the problem, and how can it be fixed? In countries that have trouble delivering clean water to their people, a lack of infrastructure is often the culprit. People in areas that are not served by public utilities have to rely on costlier ways of getting water, such as itinerant water trucks and treks to wells. Paradoxically, as the water sources get costlier, the water itself tends to be more dangerous. Water piped by utilities - to the rich and the poor alike - is usually cleaner than water trucked in or collected from an outdoor tank.The problem exists not only in rural areas but even in big cities, said Hakan Bjorkman, program director of the UN agency in Thailand. Further, subsidies made to local water systems often end up benefiting people other than the poor, he added.The agency proposes a three-step solution. First, make access to 20 liters, or 5 gallons, of clean water a day a human right. Next, make local governments accountable for delivering this service. Last, invest in infrastructure to link people to water mains.The report says governments, especially in developing countries, should spend at least 1 percent of gross domestic product on water and sanitation. It also recommends that foreign aid be more directed toward these problems. Clearly, this approach relies heavily on government intervention, something Bjorkman readily acknowledged. But there are some market-based approaches as well.By offering cut-rate connections to poor people to the water mainline, the private water utility in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, has steadily increased access to clean water, according to the agency's report. A subsidy may not even be necessary, despite the agency's proposals, if a country can harness the economic benefits of providing clean water.People who receive clean water are much less likely to die from water-borne diseases - a common malady in the developing world - and much more likely to enjoy long, productive, taxpaying lives that can benefit their host countries. So if a government is trying to raise financing to invest in new infrastructure, it might find receptive ears in private credit markets - as long as it can harness the return. Similarly, private companies may calculate that it is worth bringing clean water to an area if its residents are willing to pay back the investment over many years.In the meantime, some local solutions are being found. In Thailand, Bjorkman said, some small communities are taking challenges like water access upon themselves. "People organize themselves in groups to leverage what little resources they have to help their communities," he said. "That's especially true out in the rural areas. They invest their money in revolving funds and saving schemes, and they invest themselves to improve their villages. "It is not always easy to take these solutions and replicate them in other countries, though. Assembling a broad menu of different approaches can be the first step in finding the right solution for a given region or country.出处：.nytimes./2006/11/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-glob15.3535740.htmlSection 2 Chinese-English Translation ( 50 points )Translate the following passage into English.即使遇到丰收年景，对中国来说，要用世界百分之七的耕地养活全球五分之一的人口仍是一项艰巨的任务。

中国政府面临许多挑战，最严峻的挑战之一就是耕地流失。

过去几年中，平均每年有66.7万公顷耕地被城市扩建、工业发展以及公路建设工程占用，另有1万平方公里的耕地被沙漠吞噬。

中国北方地区地下水位下降，农民不得不改种耐旱、地产作物，甚至撂荒。

同时，农业基础设施损耗严重，三分之二的灌溉设施需要整修。

由于农民为增加收入而改种经济作物，农业生产方式正在转变。

过去十几年，全国水果和蔬菜种植面积平均每年增加130万公顷。

因此，水稻、玉米及小麦产量急剧下降。

中国已由粮食净出口国变为粮食净进口国。

中国政府把农业改革视为头等大事，投入大量资金用于提高小麦和稻米的收购价以及改进农田灌溉基础设施。

近年来，农产品的价格稳步上升，中国政府采取此项措施以提高农民种粮的积极性。

2013年11月三级笔译实务真题Section 1： English-Chinese Translation (50points)Stroll through the farmers’ market and you will heara plethora of languages an d see a rainbow offaces. Drive down Canyon Road and stop for halalmeat or Filip ino pork belly at adjacent markets.Along the highway, browse the aisles of a gia nt Asian supermarket stocking fresh napa cabbageand mizuna or fresh kimchi. Head toward downtown and you’ll see loncheras — taco trucks —on street cor ners and hear Spanish bandamusic. On the city’s northern edge, you can sam ple Indian chaat.Welcome to Beaverton, a Portland suburb that is home to Oregon’s fastest gro wing immigrant population. Once a rural community, Beaverton, population 87, 000, is now the sixth largestcity in Oregon — with immigration rates higher than those of Portland, Oregon’s largest city.Best known as the world headquarters for athletic shoe company Nike, Beaverto n has changeddramatically over the past 40 years. Settled by immigrants from n orthern Europe in the 19thcentury, today it is a place where 80 languages from Albanian to Urdu are spoken in the publicschools and about 30 percent of stude nts speak a language besides English, according toEnglish as a Second Languag e program director Wei Wei Lou.Beaverton’s wave of new residents began arriving in the 1960s, with Koreans a nd Tejanos(Texans of Mexican origin), who were the first permanent Latinos. In1960, Beaverton’s population of Latinos and Asians was less than 0.3 percent. By 2000, Beaverton hadproportionately more Asian and Hispanic residents than the Portland metro area. Today, Asianscomprise 10 percent and Hispanics 11 p ercent of Beaverton’s population.Mayor Denny Doyle says that many in Beaverton view the immigrants who are r apidly reshapingBeaverton as a source of enrichment.“Citizens here especially in the arts and culture community think it’s fantastic that we have all these different possibilities here,” he says.Gloria Vargas,50, a Salvadoran immigrant, owns a popular small restaurant, Gloria’s Secret Café, in downtown Beaverton. “I love Beaverton,” she says.“I feel like I belong here.” Hermother moved her to Los Angeles as a teenager i n 1973, and she moved Oregon in 1979. Shelanded a coveted vendor spot in the Beaverton Farmers Market in 1999. Now in addition torunning her restaurant, s he has one of the most popular stalls there, selling up to 200Salvadoran tamales — wrapped in banana leaves rather than corn husks — each Saturday. “Once they buy my food, they always come back for more,” she says.“It’s pretty relaxed here,” says Taj Suleyman,28, born and raised in Lebanon, and recentlytransplanted to Beaverton to start a job working with immigrants from many countries. HalfMiddle Eastern and ha lf African, Suleyman says he was attracted to Beaverton specificallybecause of it s diversity. He serves on a city-sponsored Diversity Task Force set up by MayorD oyle.Mohammed Haque, originally from Bangladesh, finds Beaverton very welcoming. His daughter,he boasts, was even elected her high school’s homecoming quee n.South Asians such as Haque have transformed Bethany, a neighborhood north of Beaverton.It is dense with immigrants from Gujarat, a state in India and prim ary source for the first waveof Beaverton’s South Asian immigrants.The first wave of South Asian immigrants to Beaverton, mostly Gujaratis from In dia, arrived inthe 1960s and 1970s, when the motel and hotel industry was boo ming. Many bought smallhotels and originally settled in Portland, and then reloc ated to Beaverton for better schools andbigger yards. The second wave of South Asians arrived during the high-tech boom of the1980s, when the software indust ry, and Intel and Tektronix, really took off.Many of Beaverton’s Asians converge at Uwajimaya, a 30,000-square-foot supe rmarket nearcentral Beaverton. Bernie Capell, former special events coordinator at Uwajimaya, says thatmany come to shop for fresh produce every day. But the biggest group of shoppers atUwajimaya, she adds, are Caucasians. Beaverton’s Asian population boasts a sizable number of Koreans, who began t o arrive in thelate 1960s and early 1970s.According to Ted Chung, a native of Korea and Beaverton resident since 1978, t hree thingsstand out about his fellow Korean immigrants. Upon moving to Beave rton, they join a Christianchurch — often Methodist or Presbyterian — as a gath ering place; they push their children to excel in school; and they shun the spotlig ht.Chung says he and his fellow Korean émigrés work hard as small businessmen — owninggroceries, dry cleaners, laundromats, delis, and sushi shops — and ar e frugal so they can sendtheir children to a leading university.Most recently, immigrants from Central and South America, as well as refugees f rom Iraq andSomalia, have joined the Beaverton community.Many Beaverton organizations help immigrants.The Beaverton Resource Center helps all immigrants with health and literacy ser vices. TheSomali Family Education Center helps Somalis and other African refug ees to get settled. Andone Beaverton elementary school even came up with the id ea of a “sew in”— parents ofstudents sewing together — to welcome Somali Ba ntu parents and bridge major culturaldifferences.Historically white churches, such as Beaverton First United Methodist Church, offer immigrationministries. And Beaverton churches of all denominations host Korean- or Spanish-languageservices.Beaverton’s Mayor Doyle wants refugee and immigrant leaders to participate in the town’s decision-making. He set up a Diversity Task Force whose mission is “to build inclusive andequitable communities in the City of Beaverton.” The t ask force is working to create amulticultural community center for Beavertonian s of all backgrounds.The resources and warm welcome that Beaverton gives immigrants are reciproca ted in the affection that many express for their new home.Kaltun Caynan,40, a Somali woman who came to Beaverton in 2001 fleeing civil war, is anoutre ach coordinator for the Somali Family Education Center.“I like it so much,” she said,cheerfully.“Nobody discriminate[s against] me, everybody smiling at me.”Section 1：英译汉（50 分）漫步走过农贸市场，你会听到各种语言，见到各式各样的面孔。