现在完成时一、基本结构：1、肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)+其他成分.2、否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他成分.3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他成分.回答: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)二、用法（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果I have spent all of my money. (含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Lily has (just/already) come. (含义：Lily现在在这儿)My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的, 持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.①for+时段②since+过去时间（译为：自从……以来）③since+从句（过去时）④It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.三、has gone (to), has been (to), has been (in) 的区别1、Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.2、Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.3、Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.四、现在完成时的标志1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:（1）以already, just和yet为标志He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet.他还没有回来。
（2）以ever和never为标志This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。
（3）以动作发生的次数为标志He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
（4）以so far（到目前为止）为标志+beforeHe has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the exam so far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。
①for+时段②since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等;五、过去分词（一）规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。
(1) 一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited(2) 以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,(3) 以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried(4) 重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped（二）不规则动词：1、AAA型原型过去式过去分词burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cuthit hit hit hurt hurt hurt let let let put put putset set set shut shut shut spread spread spreadread read read read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/2、AAB型beat beat beaten3、ABA型become became become run ran run come came come特殊情况4、ABB型bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burntcatch caught caughtdig dug dugfeel felt felt fight fought fought find found foundhear heard heard hold held heldkeep kept keptlay laid laid lead led led lose lost lostmake made made meet met metsell sold sold shoot shot shot sit sat sat stand stood stoodsweep swept sweptteach taught taught tell told told think thought thoughtwin won won5、ABC型begin began begun blow blew blown break broke brokenchoose chose chosendraw drew drawn drive drove driven drink drank drunkfly flew flown forgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozengive gave given grow grew grownknow knew knownride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rungshake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum swim swam swumthrow threw thrownwrite wrote written六、瞬间动词（buy, die, join, come，go ,leave, join ……）不能直接与for /since 连用。
要改变动词begin-----be on borrow -----keep buy----haveclose -----be closed come/arrive/reach/get to-----be indie----be deadfinish----be overgo out----be outleave ----be awayopen----be open★1、have代替buyMy brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.★2、用keep或have代替borrowI have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.★3、用be替代becomeHow long has your sister been a teacher?★4、用have a cold代替catch a coldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.★5、用wear代替put onb)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词1、be＋married代marry2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill3、be＋dead代die4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep5、be＋awake代wake/wake up6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代losec)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词1“be＋on”代start, begin2“be＋up”代get up3“be＋ba ck(to)”代return to, come back to, go back to4“be here (there)”代come(arrive, reach, get) here或go (arrive, reach, get) there 等等d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to2.用be in the army 代替join the army3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.→have been in sw./at…相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back3. have come/gone out →have b een out4. have become → have been5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open6. have got up → have been up；7. have died → have been dead；8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；11. have married → have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth.；13. have begun → have been on14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had15. have lost → haven’t had16. have put on →have worn17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；18. have got to know → have known19. have/has gone to → have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…现在完成时练习(一)A)选用have, has填空:1.I _______ told him the news.2.She ________ come back from school.3.You ________ won the game.B)按要求改写下列各句:4.They have bought a computer.(改成否定句)_________________________________________5.He has lost his book.(先改成一般疑问句,再作肯定与否定回答)_________________________________________C) 单项选择6. -Where have you _____, Kate? -I've ______ to the bank.A. gone, goneB. been, beenC. gone, beenD. been, gone7. Her grandfather ______ for two years.A. diedB. has diedC. has been deadD. has been died8. It's six weeks ______ I met you last. A. when B. since C. before D. for9. Tom and Jack have arrived at West Hill Farm already.A. have gotB. have gone toC. have been toD. have reached现在完成时练习（二）一、单项选择。