先观察下面各句,尝试总结一下红色部分的用法。
Do you remember the days when / in which I stayed with you in the USA?
你还记得我和你在美国共度的那些日子吗?
2) The factory where / in which he worked for twenty years is closing down.
他效力了20年的那个工厂倒闭了。
3) The reason why / for which he was late for school was that he didn’t catch the bus. 他之所以迟到,原因是没赶上公交车。
4) I have read the book in which you are interested.
我读了那本你感兴趣的书。
5) The man with whom I talked just now comes from Japan.
刚刚和我交谈的那个男人来自日本。
6) This is the book which she is looking for.
这就是她正在找的那本书。
小结归纳
●when 通常放在表示时间的名词后引导定语从句,如句1);
●where放在表示地点的名词后引导定语从句,如句2);
●why经常放在reason的后面来引导定语从句,如句3);
★当引导定语从句时,关系副词一般可以转化为“介词+ 关系代词”,即:
when / where 可转化为on / in / at等+ which,
why可转化为for which(在口语中可用that或省略),这也是定语从句中的一种常见现象。
★需要特别注意的是此时介词后的关系代词不能用that,如句1)、2)、3)
★另外,指代先行词的关系代词which, whom在从句中作介词宾语时,可以把“介词+ 关系代词(which / whom)”一起放在先行词和从句之间,如句4)、5);★但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面,如句6)。
**★关系代词that和which在定语从句中充当主语或宾语
★关系副词when/ where/ why分别在定语从句中充当时间状语,地点状语和原因状语。
例如:
This is the house where/ in which we once lived. 这是我们曾经住过的房子
(Where相当于in the house 做地点状语)
This is the house which/ that they built last year. 这是他们去年建的房子
(which/ that 指代house 做built 的宾语)
I’ll never forget the days when/on which we stayed in Beijing.
我永远不会忘记我们一起在北京的日子
(When相当于on the days 做时间状语,on the days “在这些日子”)
I’ll never forget the days which we spent in Beijing.我永远不会忘记我们一起在北京的日子(Which指代the days 做spent的宾语)
That is the reason why/ for which she told a lie. 那就是她为什么撒谎的原因。
(Why相当于for the reason 做原因状语
That is the reason which was told by the boy. 那就是那个男孩说的原因。
(Which 指代the reason 做主语)
注意:★确立关系代词which/that或关系副词when/where/why的方法:
看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语,如果缺少用which/ that;
如果不缺主语或宾语用when/where/ why.
★关系副词在定语从句中不充当主语或宾语,只能充当状语。
如果先行词表时间、地点、原因,关系词在句中作主语或宾语,应该用关系代词that或which。
如
I still remember the days that/which we spent in the small village.( 作宾语)
我还记得我们在那个小村庄度过的那些日子。
The reason that/which he gave was not reasonable.( 作宾语)
他给的那个理由不合情理。
The factory that /which we visited yesterday is far from here.(作宾语)
我们昨天参观的那家工厂离这里很远。
★用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。
及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
(参考P5例句)。