• e- prefix on or using the Internet: used with some nouns for making new words e-business, e-learning, e-finance, eBay, e-book, e-card, e-cash, ecommerce, e-shopper, e-tailing, e-zine
• 大小或程度 arch- arch-fiend(大恶魔) be- belittle macro- macro-economics, maxi- maxi(长大衣，拖到脚踝的长裙), maxi-chemise(宽大衬衫) micro- microwave, microelectronics
midiminioutoverreretrowith-
To be more exact, the term root is that part of the word left when all the affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are removed. unusefully
Greek roots
• amphi- (both, both sides of, two) amphibian 两栖动物，水陆两用车辆 • anti- (反对,抵抗 ) antiaging, antiaircraft, anti-consumerism • auto- (自动的，自己的 ) autodialer, automatic, antoalarm, autoanalysis
Morpheme
• Free morpheme (can occur as separate words) • Bound morpheme (cannot stand alone as a word) • unfaithful, contain, receive, homework, airsick, takeoff
Contemporary spirit in affix changes
electronic equipment electronic computer electronic surveillance electronic music electronic bulletin board electronic data interchange electronic highway/superhighway
Active affixes
• -(n)ese 某地区的人，某地区的口音 Shanghainese, Brooklynese 用语，风格，文体 Carlylese, Johnsonese
• -wise 相似于…… hammer-wise, machine-wise, star-wise 位置，方向 clockwise, crabwise, lengthwise 在方面luxurywise 就来说curriculumwise 就来看housingwise
megaseller 热门畅销书 actioner动作影片 slasher恐怖片 splatter凶杀片 suspenser悬念片 browser浏览器 zapper微波杀虫器,微波除草器
computer telepuer联网电视机 onliner网络用户 blogger博客写手
Synonymy in affixes
Polysemy in affixes
• in不incomplete 在里面include • dis分离,除去disburden(卸去), discolour(使退色) 解除,解散disengage(解脱) 取消,否定disband(解散)
• -ish 似的childish,foolish 有点儿的sweetish, redish 民族的Danish, Spanish 近乎于……的bookish(学究式的), selfish
• nano- 毫微或纳，十亿分之一，略作ns nanocomputer, nanotube, nanotechnology, nanobiogy, nanochemistry, nanoelectronics
• -gate Watergate, Irangate, Hurricanegate, Nannygate, Camilla-gate, Donorgate, Travelgate, Whitewatergate, Zippergate
• 先后 ante- antecedent, anteroom ex- ex-wife, ex-husband fore- forefather, forehead, forerunner post- postwar, post-modern, pre- prebattle, preburning, pre-echo
Word-formation in English
• Word-formation or word-building is an important means of vocabulary enlargement. The expansion of the vocabulary is a common and natural phenomenon of any language, including the English language.
Allomorph(词素变体)
• take (took, taken) • in- ( il-, im-, ir-)
Root
• A root is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning, a meaning that never changes, even though affixes may be added at the beginning of a word or at the end of a word.
• cybercybercafe, cybercrime, cyberculture, cybersex, cyberspace, cyberspeak, cyberstalking, cybersurfing, cyberworld
• biobioactivity, biochip, bioclimatology, biodiesel, biodiversity, bioeffect, biogenetics, bioethics, biospherics, biotech, bioterrorism,biography, biomagnetics, biometrics, bioreactor,
• ecoeco-car, eco-catastrophe, ecodisaster, ecoclimate, eco-efficiency, ecofrienly, ecogeographic, ecospecies, ecosphere, ecosystem, eco-terrorism, eco-tourism
Latin origin
• • • • bicenticounterdeci-
Russian origin
-nik(赞同……的人,特别喜欢……的人) nudnik, computernik, filmnik, peacenik
Old English origin
• • • • -some -ly -ness -ship
• -ed用来描述面容,服装,性格等 a straw-hatted girl, -boned, cheeked, -chested, -clad, -coated, -eyed, faced, -haired, -handed, -headed, hearted, -legged, -limbed, -lipped, necked, -skinned, -sleeved, -tongued, -waisted,
-oid -ose -ous -ular
• 性质，状态 -acious -al -an -aneous -ar
-ary -astic -ate -atic -eous -etic -fic
-ful -ial -ian -ic -ical -icular -id
-ile -ine -ious -itous -ive -lent -less -ory
• 家、员、者 -ain -aire -an -ant -ar
-ard -arian -ary -ast -ate -ee
-eer -er -ician -ist -ive -ling -or
• 阴性 -enne -ess -ine -trix
• 致使，变成 -from -ish -like -ly
• -ly 相似的，具有某种性质的manly, comradely, cowardly 时间的反复daily, weekly 以某种方式smoothly 程度greatly 顺序firstly 在……时候lately 在……方面educationally 在……方向outwardly
• -er cooker(一般指炊具)烹饪用的水果Br. E bouncer, minder保镖 fiver五英镑一张的钞票 pusher贩毒者 Thriller惊险小说
• 否定的 a- amoral dis- dissastified in-, im-, ir-, il- incorrect, improper, irregular, illogical non- nonsmoker, nonexistent un- untidy
• 不良,假的 mal- malformation, maladjustment mis- mistreat, mistake pseudo- pseudoacid, pseudocolor
•地点,场所 -age -ern -ery -arium -itory
• 小 -c(u)le -el -(e)rel -et -ette