The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. synecdoche
SYLLABICATION: syn·ec·do·che
NOUN: A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).
ETYMOLOGY: Middle English synodoches, from Medieval Latin synodoche, alteration of Latin synecdoch, from Greek sunekdokh, from sunekdekhesthai, to take on a share of : sun-, syn- + ekdekhesthai, to understand ( ek-, out of; see eghs in Appendix I + dekhesthai, to take; see dek- in Appendix I).
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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. metonymy
SYLLABICATION: me·ton·y·my
PRONUNCIATION: m-tn-m
NOUN: Inflected forms: pl. me·ton·y·mies
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.
ETYMOLOGY: Late Latin metnymia, from Greek metnumi : meta-, meta- + onuma, name; see n-men- in Appendix I.
OTHER FORMS: meto·nymic (mt-nmk) , meto·nymi·cal —ADJECTIVE meto·nymi·cal·ly —ADVERB
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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. metaphor
SYLLABICATION: met·a·phor
PRONUNCIATION: mt-fôr, -fr
NOUN: 1. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in “a sea of troubles” or “All the world's a stage” (Shakespeare). 2. One thing conceived as representing another; a symbol: “Hollywood has always been an irresistible, prefabricated metaphor for the crass, the materialistic,
the shallow, and the craven” (Neal Gabler, New York Times Book Review November 23, 1986). ETYMOLOGY: Middle English methaphor, from Old French metaphore, from Latin metaphora, from Greek, transference, metaphor, from metapherein, to transfer : meta-, meta- + pherein, to carry; see bher-1 in Appendix I.
OTHER FORMS: meta·phoric (-fôrk, -fr-) , meta·phori·cal —ADJECTIVE meta·phori·cal·ly —ADVERB
Synecdoche应该译作提喻或举隅
Metonymy译做转喻换喻
Metaphor译做暗喻隐喻
汉语的借代包含英语的提喻和换喻。
提喻是用事物的一部分代替整体。
换喻是用与某事物有关的另一种事物代替这个事物。
汉语修辞对这两者不加区分,统称为借代。
换喻(metonymy)
换喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系,换喻与比喻(明喻或暗喻)不同,不需要两个事物对比,而是借用伴随或附属与某一事物的另一事物的名称来代替某事物的名称。
所谓换喻,说的是一个事物,不过是换一种说法来表现而已。
英语词义的扩大除通过暗喻外,还通过换喻的方式实现,如board不只是桌子,后来也指坐在会议桌边的人。
换喻可以使表达多样化、简洁、动人。
英诗中常用换喻来避免一般化,使形象具体生动,如用grave表达“死亡”。
新闻文字,报刊大标题中也常出现换喻,如用Pentagon(五角大楼)代替美国国防部。
英语中常见的换喻有以下几种:
1. 用一个事物来象征人或另一事物:
From the cradle to grave(从生到死)
2. 用工具或器官来代替本体:
The pen has more influence than the sword.
He has an eye for beauty.
3. 用容器的名称来代替所盛的东西:
They serve Chinese dishes. (中餐)
The whole village came out to welcome the singers. (全村的人)
4. 用制造者的名字代表制成品:
I have never read homer
5. 用地方代替事物:
White House (美国总统)
Kremlin (苏联政府)
汉语中通常把这一修辞格称作旁借,也就是借事物本身所呈现的某一现象(特征或标志等)
或某些关系(所在、所属、产地、材料或工具)来表现,如用“三角眼”代替“长着一对三角眼的人”,用“红领巾”代替“少先队员”,用神舟指中国,用“龙井”等地名代替那里产的茶叶等等。
提喻(synecdoche)
提喻也是不直说某一事物的名称,而是借事物本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现。
提喻与换喻不同,换喻主要借助于密切的关系与联想,而提喻则是借助于部分相似。
提喻通常是用局部来代替整体,间或也有整体来代替局部,局部与整体之间总有相似之处。
常见的提喻:
1.用局部代替整体:
Many hands make light work. (用hand表示干活的人)
The case was defended by eloquent lips. (用lip表示有辩才的人)
2.用整体代替局部:
It was a close contest. In the end, China won. (用China代表中国队)
3.用个体代替整个一类:
She is another Madam Curie.
4.用具体代替抽象
5.用抽象代替具体
The authorities (当局)
6.用材料代替事物
A piggy-bank full of coppers
汉语的这种修辞方式叫做对代,如用部分代整体:不拿群众一针一线;用特称代通称:千万个雷锋在成长;用具体代抽象:他自有他的小算盘(几个人打算)。
《英语文体学引论》王佐良、丁往道2004.6 外语教育与研究出版社。