第七章人类活动与地球环境
The sun
分解者 Disintegrator
生产者Producer
初级消费者 Primary consumer 次级消费者 Secondary consumer 散发到空气中 Emitted to the air 第三级消费者 Third order consumer
热hot
物质循环:Material circle
第二节知识点分析
我国人口的状况和分布 The status and distribution of the population in our country 人口问题 Population problem 人口分布 Distribution of population
人口的分布 Distribution of population 1、特点:Characteristics o 东南地区(稠密)和西北地区(稀少)
• 环境保护和人类发展
Environmental protection and human development
第一节知识点分析
Analysis of knowledge points 重点:Key points: 1、 生态系统的结构Structure of the ecosystem 2、 保持生态平衡Keep the balance of ecosystem 教学难点:Difficult points for teaching:
分解者 Disintegrator
生产者
Producer
初级消费者 Primary consumer
次级消费者 Secondary consumer
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
第三级消费者 Third order consumer
土地、空气、海洋等 Land, air, ocean , and etc
能量流动和物质循环是同时进行的,两者相互依存不可分割。物 质是能量的载体,使能量沿着食物链而逐步转移,成为能流;另一方 面,能量是物质循环的动力,使物质从自然环境进入生物界而形成循 环过程。
控制人口增长速度,逐步稳定人口
Control population growth speed, gradually stabilize population
两方面相互促进,相互制约
They are mutually promote and restrict
第三节知识点分析
发展与环境
Development and environment
保持生态平衡 Keep ecological balance 1、生态平衡概念 Concept of ecological balance 是指自然生态系统中生物与环境之间、生物与 生物之间相互作用而建立的动态平衡联系 输入
Input
===
输出
Output
2、涵义 生态平衡是生态系统是一种动态平衡
o
人口基数大:13亿
Population base is large:1, 300,000,000
o
年龄构成较轻,但人口老龄化在加速
Age composition is relatively young, but population aging is accelerating.
3、影响人口分布的因素
人口超过5000万的大国激增
The number of big country with population is larger than 50,000,000 is dramatically increasing.
2、人口问题的影响
The effect of population problem
人口翻番的间隔越来越短
Time interval for doubling the population number is becoming shorter and shorter.
世界人口增长率失控
The world population growth rate is beyond control.
3、人口问题的对策:
Solution for population problem
两个途径:Two ways 提高社会生产力,增大养育人口的能力;
Increase the social productivity and improve the ability to bringing up the population.
绿色植物 光合细菌等其他自养生物 初级消费者:植食动物
生物成分 (生物群落)
Components of creatures (biomes)
消费者
Consumer
次级消费者:肉食动物 三级消费者:中型肉食动物 四级消费者:大型肉食动物
生 态 系 统
分解者:
非生物成分 (自然环境)
Component of non-creature (natural environment) Disintegrator
Southeast (dense) and northwest (rare)
o 沿海地区人口稠密,内陆地区人口稀少
Foreland is densely populated, and inland is rarely populated.
o 各省、区间人口分布很不平衡,人口密度相差悬殊
Population is very unbalancedly
生物对环境的影响 Influence of creatures on the environment 生物改变大气成分:
Creature changes the composition of atmosphere
光合作用、固氮作用 生物影响了水循环:Creature influences water circle 森林的作用 生物参与岩石和土壤的形成
Creature participates in the formation of rock and soil
生物对环境的适应Adaptation of creature to the environment 形态适应(Morphological adaptation ):保护色、拟态 生理适应(Physiological adaptation ):仙人掌、骆驼
城市人口膨胀,城乡矛盾激化
The population is expanding, and the conflict between the country and city is intensified
人口老龄化问题突出
The problem of population aging is prominent.
Inorganic environment: atmosphere, water, soil
Organic environment: creature
无机环境与生物的关系:
Relationship between inorganic environment and creature
环境对生物的作用 Effect of environment on creature 生物对环境的影响 Influence of creature on environment 生物对环境的适应 Adaptation of creature to the environment
Factors that influence the population distribution
o 自然条件和地理环境的影响
The influence of natural condition and geographic environment
如气候条件、海拔高度、能源资源等 o 社会经济条件--决定性的因素
2、我国人口状况的特征:
Characteristics of population status in our country
o
增长速度快:建国以来增长速度超过历史任何时期
Increase speed is high: The increase speed since the foundation of the People's Republic of China is higher than any period in the history.
3、生态失衡的后果 The self-regulation ability of the ecological system is of limit 生态失调、环境破坏、威胁人类的生存
Ecological maladjustment, environmental destruction, threatening the existence of human beings
Ecological balance is a kind of homeostasis.
能够通过自我调节恢复稳定状态
It can resume the steady state by self-regulation.
生态系统的自我调节能力是有限度的
The self-regulation ability of the ecological system is of limit
主要渠道:通过营养关系,以食物链的形式相互联系 (Main channel)在一起 食物链:在一个生态系统中,以植物为起点,各种生物 (Food chain )有机体通过食物的关系彼此关联而形成的一 个能量与物质的流通系统,称为食物链。 如植物--昆虫--青蛙--蛇--鹰
能量流动:Energy flow 太阳
行为的适应(Behavior adaptation ):生物钟、迁徙
生态系统的结构 Structure of the ecosystem 物质循环
Material circle
生物
creature