Intercultural Communication
一、Communication Defined
• Communication is a form of human behavior derived from a need to connect and interact with other human beings. • Communication can simply refer to the act and process of sending and receiving messages among people.
四、The Process of Communication
• 2、Models of communication 、 • （2）Circular Model ）
message Encoder decoder message Osgood-Schramm’s Circular Model Decoder encoder
四、The Process of Communication
• 2、Models of communication 、 • （3）Contextualized Model ） • This model adds the dimension of situation or surroundings. Context always affects the act of communication. • Context refers to the idea that every act of communication must happen in some sort of surroundings.
二、Needs and Functions of Communication
• 1、Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 、
• Abraham Maslow is American psychologist, a leader in the school of humanistic psychology. • Maslow is best-known for his theory of human motivation. • His influential works include Motivation and Personality(1954) and Toward a Psychology of Being(1964).
2、Functions of Communication
• • • • （1）Practical function ） （2）Social function ） （3）Decision making function ） （4）Personal growth function ）
三、The Classification of Communication
• 1、Components of communication 、 – sender、 、 – encoding、 、 – message、 、 – channel、 channel、 – noise、 、 – receiver、 、 – decoding、 、 – feedback
四 1、Components of communication
Lasswell’s 5-W Linear Model
四、The Process of Communication
• 2、Models of communication 、 • （1）Linear Model ） I say “I like you” to my wife, I (sender) may put into words (encoding) my feelings that “I like you!” (message) and speak the words (channel) in the hope that they will be suitably understood (decoding) by my wife (receiver).
三、The Classification of Communication
Communication Non-social～ ～ Intra-personal～ ～ Interpersonal～ ～ Social～ ～ Organizational～ ～ Mass～ ～
四、The Process of Communication
– the linear, – the circular, – and the contextualized models
四、The Process of Communication
• 2、Models of communication 、 • （1）Linear Model ）
Sender Message Channel Receiver Effect
四1、Components of communication
• noise：Noise refers to the disturbances along the ： communication processes, which may result in unintended message perceived by the receiver. • feedback：Feedback refers to the reaction from ： the message receiver to message sender. • encoding：Encoding refers to the process of the ： sender putting the message into a signal (the encoded message) . • decoding：Decoding refers to the process of the ： receiver interpreting the signal from the sender.
五、The Characteristics of Communication
• 1、Communication is Dynamic 、 Communication is an ongoing, ever changing activity. • 2、Communication is Irreversible 、 The words are spoken, and they cannot be unspoken. • 3、Communication is Symbolic 、 The symbols you use are discretionary and subjective. • 4、Communication is Systemic 、 Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system.
Sender’s Field of Experience
Receiver’s Field of Experience
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Decoding
Receiver
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context
Components of Communication
Resp onse
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• sender：A sender refers to the person who sends ： the message. • receiver：A receiver is the one who receives the ： message. The role of sender and receiver is always changing. • message：A message——verbal or nonverbal—— ： carries ideas from one person to another. • Channel/Medium：Channel refers to the ways for ： sending and receiving messages.
三、The Classification of Communication
• (三) In other words, under human communication, we have non-social and social communication; intra-personal is non-social communication while social communication includes interpersonal, organization and mass communication.
四、The Process of Communication
• 2、Models of communication 、 • （1）Linear Model ：5Ws ）
who Say what In which channel To whom And with what effect A sender Directs a Message Through some Medium To a Receiver With some Effect
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
二、Needs and Functions of Communication
• 1、Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 、
• While Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a useful tool, caution should be exercised in employing it in an intercultural setting. • The hierarchy is a theory based on Western behavior and has not been proven applicable to non-Western or developing countries.