六、where 的抽象化用法： 高考中对 where 的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。 当先行词表示某人/物的 situation，或某事所发展的 stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都 可以用关系副词 where。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须分开的地步。 I can think of many cases where students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay. 我可以想到很多这样的情形：学生显然知道很多英语单词和词组，但写不出一篇好文章。 He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他让自己进入了一个他可能无法控制的危险情景之中。
五、关系副词： when 先行词为表示时间的名词，且 when 在定语从句中充当时间状语 when=表时间的介词(in, at, during 等)+which where 先行词为表示地点的名词，且 where 在定语从句中充当地点状语 where=表地点的介词(in, at, on, under 等)+which
why 先行词为 the reason, 且 why 在定语从句中充当原因状语 why=表原因的介词（for）+which 例句： 1. I’ll never forget the day when I met you. ==I’ll never forget the day on which I met you. (先行词为 the day, when 代指 the day 引导定语从句，在定语从句中做时间状语，指“I met you”的时间) 2. The building where he lives is very old.=The building in which he lives is very old. (先行词是 the building, where 代指 the building 引导定语从句，在定语从句中做地点状语， 指“he lives”的地点) 3. I know the reason why he was late this morning. =I know the reason for which he was late this morning. (先行词是 the reason, why 代指 the reason 引导定语从句，在定语从句中原因状语，指“he was late this morning”的原因)
四、关系代词的特殊用法 定语从句关系代词只能使用 that 的情况： 1. 当 先 行 词 是 不 定 代 词 all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything, nothing, none 等时，或是先行词被这些不定代词修饰时：只能用 that； There is nothing in the world that can frighten him. 在这个世界上没有什么事能吓到他。 2. 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词 the first, the second…, the last 修饰时： This is the best novel (that) I know. The first English film that interested me was Gone with the Wind. 3. 当先行词被 the only，the very 修饰时： The only thing that matters is to find our way home. 4. 先行词既有人又有物时： They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school. 5. 当主句是由 who 或 which 引导的特殊问句时，为避免重复，定语从句中常用 that： Who is the man that is standing by the door? Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday? 6. 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用 which,另一个用 that： They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. 7. 当先行词在从句中作表语时： Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 定语从句关系代词只能使用 which 的情况 1. 在非限制性定语从句中，先行词用来代指前面整句话的意思，只能用 which Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true. 莫言被授予 2012 年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变为了现实。 2. 当定语从句中的介词提前时，只用 which 不用 that Is this the library which/that you borrowed books from? = Is this the library from which you borrowed books? （介词提前）
一、关系词的作用 1. 连接作用：关系词引导从句，把从句和主句连接起来； 2. 替代作用：关系词在从句中替代它前面的先行词； 3. 成分作用：关系词在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
二、关系词的分类
先行词为人 关 系 代 词
先行词为物 关 系 词
who 在定语从句做主语、宾语、表语 whom 在定语从句做宾语 that 在定语从句做主语、宾语 whose 在定语从句做定语
九、as 引导的定语从句 as 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as 在定语从句中做主语、 宾语、表语。 1. as 引导限制性定语从句： 当先行词有 the same, such, as, so 修饰时，要用 as 代替引导定语从句，而不用 who，whom, which, that： I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school. 我想要和你们在学校使用的一样的书。 He is not such a person as I expected. 他不是我预期的那种人 2. such...as...引导的定语从句与 such...that...引导的状语从句区别 He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. 从句中缺少宾语，为定语从句。 He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. 从句不缺少成分，为状语从句。 3. as 引导非限制性定语从句 as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面： As anybody can see, the elephant is like a snake. =The elephant, as anybody can see, is like a snake. =The elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. as 引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而 which 则无此意。常用句型有： as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected 等。 As we all know, paper was first made in China.
which 在定语从句做主语、宾语、表语 that 在定语从句做主语、宾语、表语 whose 在定语从句做定语，表物主
关
when 先行词为时间名词，在定语从句中做时间状语
系

where 先行词为地点名词，在定语从句中做地点状语
副
why 先行词为 the reason，在定语从句中做原因状语
词
三、关系代词
1. 先行词为人，关系代词用 who, whom, that, whose I thank the woman who/that helped me. (关系代词做主语) The man who/that/whom I saw in the office told me to come back. (关系代词做宾语，此时关 系代词可以省略) ☆I know the girl whose mother is a teacher. (关系代词做定语，可用 of whom 来代替) = I know the girl of whom the mother is a teacher. = I know the girl the mother of whom is a teacher. 2. 先行词为物，关系代词用 which, that, whose Did you hear about the earthquake that/which happened in San Francisco last week? (关系代 词做主语) The movie that/which we saw last night wasn’t very good. (关系代词做宾语，此时关系代词 可省略)
七、关系代词和关系副词的选择与区别： 1. 首先分清主句和定语从句； 2. 确定定语从句的先行词； 3. 把先行词带到定语从句中，看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语、宾语、定语、 状语） 4. 若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语、定语则选择关系代词，若在从句中做状语，则选择 关系副词。 练习： I will never forget the day _____________ I spent in Hongkong. I will never forget the day _______________ Hongkong returned to its motherland. The reason _____________ he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn’t believable. The reason ______________ he didn’t come to school yesterday isn’t believable. This is the park _____________I once wrote about to you. This is the park _______________ I used to spend my weekend.