萼片sepal花瓣petal雄蕊stamen心皮carpel转化transform突变体mutant花的floral繁殖的reproductive草坪dormant 休眠turfgrass 草坪草lawn 草坪草mower 割草机mulch覆盖，覆盖物（n）；覆盖树根(vt)mulch applicator 覆膜机Lolium 黑麦草属tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 高羊茅perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物（n）；一年生的（adj）ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 黑麦草productive高产的productivity 生产力cultivate栽培，耕作cultivar 品种cultivation under cover保护地栽培cultural practice栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践culture system栽培系统forage 草料翻译Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely planted in many regions of theworld and is closely related to a lot of Lolium species including perennial r yegrass (Lolium perenne) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The Festuca-Lolium complex possesses well-adapted, highly productive grass species. These cultivated forage grassesprovide invaluable economic and social benefits as forage and turf grasses per year.tiller n. 耕种者, 分蘖vi. 分蘖apical dominance 顶端优势agronomic traits 农艺性状agronomist农艺学家，农学家density 密度plant stature （height）株高mow用镰刀或割草机割草Increasing tiller number and reducing the apical dominance in turfgrass are one of the mostimportant agronomic traits for turfgrass industry because tiller number per plant determines lawn density and plant stature reduced lessens the mowing, which could make a significant contribution to future improvement of turfgrass qualitycytokinin 细胞分裂素auxin 生长素bud 芽（n）；发芽，萌芽（vi）axil 叶腋axillary 腋窝的，叶腋的，腋生的deterioration 腐烂，变坏，退化，堕落Cytokinin and auxin contribute to apical dominance through an antagonistic mechanism.Auxin from the terminal bud restrains axillary bud growth causing the shoot to lengthen.Cytokinin (from the roots) stimulates axillary bud growth.Auxin cannot suppress axillary bud growth once it has begun.fungicide 杀真菌剂photosynthesis 光合作用photosynthate 光合产物senescence 衰老mass质量，大量green up in the spring 春季返青tolerant to drought (salinity/ heat)耐旱（盐、热）resistant to drought (salinity/ heat)抗旱（盐、热）Benzyladenine（苄基腺嘌呤）(synthetic cytokinin) and triazole （三唑）fungicides stimulate the growth of turfgrasses. Various studies with cool season turfgrass have shown that auxin can improve photosynthesis, reduce senescence, increase leaf and shoot numbers, and enhance shoot and root mass.creep爬行，蔓延habit习性stolon 匍匐枝indeterminate不确定的，无限的determinate确定的，有限的Japanese lawn grass shows quite uncommon creeping habits; the development and expansion of its stolon is unusually vigorous and entirely indeterminate.wilting; wilt（使）萎蔫，（使）枯萎；枯萎（n）withering 使干枯的，进行干燥处理的（adj）adversity; adverse situation;unfavorable conditions逆境brown patch褐斑病Kentucky bluegrass草地早熟禾pathogen病原，病原体，致病菌This paper mainly introduces the host, symptoms, harmfulness and pathogen of brown patch disease of Kentucky bluegrass.sprinkler irrigation 喷灌drip irrigation滴灌furrow irrigation沟灌，畦灌osmotic渗透的，渗透性的osmotic adjustment渗透调节osmotic potential 渗透势osmotic pressure 渗透压dehydrin 脱水素dehydration 脱水abscisic acid脱落酸stomatal气孔的stomata气孔carbohydrate碳水化合物，糖类antioxidant抗氧化剂heat shock 热激It has been identified that among various mechanisms, osmotic adjustment and dehydrin proteins induced may confer drought tolerance, while abscisic acid may contribute to drought avoidance by closing the stomata in turfgrass. Alternation of carbonhydrate and antioxidant metabolism, induction of heat shock proteins, and cytokinin synthesis are involved in protecting cool-season turfgrasses from heat stress injuries.Flower differentiation, pollination and fruit setexternal 外部的, 客观的, [医]外用的, 外国的, 表面的n.外部, 外面internal内在的, 国内的hormonal 荷尔蒙的，激素的inflorescence 花序Both external and internal requirements for floral initiation vary with species. The first step is floral induction, involving hormonal and possibly other biochemical changes that cause cells within a bud to begin organizing a flower or inflorescence.deciduous 每年落叶的、脱落的perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物，一季生植物Deciduous perennials usually initiate flowers just after shoot growth ceases and when leaves are mature. Presumably the interaction of specific physiologic and environmental factors provides the proper balance of endogenous hormones to cause initiation.endogenous 内生的，内源的graft 嫁接（v/n）girdling 环剥prune 剪除florigen 成花（激）素phloem 韧皮部defoliate 除叶，使…落叶herbaceous 草本的fig 无花果cherry 樱桃，樱桃树apricot杏，杏树Most deciduous fruits start to initiate flowers at the end of the grand growth period for shoots, when the leaves near the buds are mature. Exceptions are the nonwoody strawberry, the fig (无花果), and to some degree the peach, which continue shoot growth late in the summer.primordia 原基differentiate 分化pollen花粉；传花粉给pollinate 对…授粉pollination授粉anthesis开花，开花期deficiency 缺乏，不足deficientdeficency symptom 缺素症boron 硼reproduction繁殖(a)sexual reproduction（无）有性繁殖nut坚果stigma柱头style花柱embryo sac胚囊Sexual reproduction and seed development in fruits and nuts hinge on pollination. After reaching the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and the pollen tube grows down the style and into the embryo sac, where fertilization takes place. After this, a seed may develop along with the fruit.embryo 胚endosperm 胚乳xenia 种子直感，异粉性metaxenia 果实直感astringent 收敛性的，严酷的，涩的fruit set 坐果plum李树almond 扁桃树malus苹果属parthenocarpy 单性结实gibberellin赤霉素raspberry 悬钩子blackberry黑莓currant 黑醋栗gooseberry 醋栗kiwi 猕猴桃blueberry越橘cranberry大果酸果蔓，蔓越橘Fruit set 坐果micropyle (珠孔，卵孔)ovary 子房synergid助细胞anther 花粉囊dioecious 雌雄异株的calyx花萼Pruning Fruit Treespruning 修枝，剪枝，修剪cultural practice 栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践sprout 长出来，出现，发芽，萌芽；苗，芽，嫩枝，徒长枝branch分枝Pruning is an important cultural practice used to maintain the size of fruit trees. It involves the removal of plant parts, which stimulates vegetative growth, and reduces fruitfulness. heading-back cut短截thinning-out cut 疏剪training 整形，整枝shoot 新梢Framework 骨架seedling 小树scaffold branches主枝formative years形成期reinvigoration 更新Central leader 中心领导枝Graftingcut n.伤口, 切口grafting n.嫁接法bud n.芽，蓓蕾scion n.幼芽cleft n.裂缝，隙口navel orange 脐橙rootstock 砧木budding 芽接法stenting 片断接法，平接，断根嫁接root grafting根接法propagation繁殖root collar 根颈。