10级应用化学(2)班郑禄春 B2010063224Lessen 24 ChemicalReactionsConservation of mass and energy(质量与能量守恒)Two conservation laws(定律) applyto allchemical reactions: E nergy can neither be created nor destroyed, andmattercanneither be created nor destroyed. Thus the atoms taking part in a chemical reaction may be rearranged, but all the atoms present in the reactan ts must also be present in the products, and the totalmass of the reactants must equal thetotalmass ofthe products.化学反应质量守恒和能量守恒两个守恒定律(定律)适用于所有的化学反应:能量既不能创造也不能消灭,物质也不能创造也不能消灭。
因此原子参与化学反应可能重新安排,但所有的原子出现在反应物必须包含在产品,反应物的总质量必须等于生产物的总质量。
What is a chemical reaction?A chemicalreaction occurs when substances (the reactants) collide (碰撞)with enough energy torearrange to form different c ompounds (the products). The change in energy that occurs when a reaction take place is described by thermodynamics(热力学)andt he rate or speed at which a reactionoccursis described by kinetics (动力学) . Reactions in which the reactantsand productscoexist are considered to be in equilibrium(处于平衡). A chemical equation consists of the chemical formula(化学式)of the rea ctants, and the chemical formula of the products. The twoare separated byan → usually read as“yields”andeach chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign (加号). Sometime s a triangle is drawn over the arrow symbol todenote energy must be addedto the substances for the reaction to begin. Each chemical formula may be preceded by a scalar(数量的) coefficientindicating the proportion (比例) of that substance necessary to produce the reaction in formula. Forinstance, theformula for the burning of methane(CH4 + 2O2 →CO2 + 2H2O) indicates that twice as much O2 as CH4 is needed, and when they react, twiceas much H2O as CO2 will be produced. This is because during the reaction,each atom of carbon needs exactly two atoms of oxygen to combine with, to produce the CO2, and every twoatoms of hydrogen need an atom of oxygen tocombine withto produce theH2O. If the proportions of the reactantsare not respected, when they are forced toreact, either not all ofthe substance used willparticipate in the re action, or the reaction that will take place willbe different from the one notedin the equation..什么是化学反应一个化学反应发生在物质(反应物)碰撞有足够的能量去重新排列,形成不同的化合物(产品)。
当反应发生时能量发生变化由热力学描述,利率或速度进行反应发生是由动力学描述。
反应中,反应物和生成物共存被认为是处于平衡。
一个化学方程式包含反应物的化学式和生成物的化学式。
两个化学式相距一个→通常读为“生成”,每个化学式与其它分开是通过一个加号。
有时一个三角形绘制在箭头符号上表示能量必须添加到物质中这样反应才能开始。
每个化学公式可能前面有一个标量(数量的)系数表明比例的物质发生反应有必要反应在公式中。
例如,这个公式燃烧甲烷(CH4 + 2O2→CO2 + 2 H2O)表明两倍的O2和一倍的C H4是必要的,而当他们反应,两倍的水会产生二氧化碳。
这是因为在反应中,每个原子的碳需要完全的两个原子氧结合,产生二氧化碳,每两个氢原子需要一个氧原子结合,产生水。
如果反应物的比例不受人的重视,当他们被强制发生反应,要么不是所有的物质将参与反应,那么就是发生的反应不同于所标记的化学反应式。
Balancing chemical equations(配平化学方程式)A chemical equationmust be balanced. That is, it must be writte n with the correct coefficients for each speciesparticipating so that for each element, the numberof atoms in the reactants is the same as the number in the products. To balance an equation, it is ofte neasiest to begin with atoms that appear in only one formula on e ach side of the equation. It is also bestto begin with the most complicated form The law of conservation of mass dictates thequantity ofeach element does notchange in a chemical reaction. Thus, each side of the chemical equation mustrepresent the same quantityof any particularelement Sim ilarly, the charge is conserved ina chemical reaction. Therefore, the same charge must be present on both sides of thebalanced equation.配平化学方程式一个化学方程式必须平衡。
也就是说,它必须是书面上的系数符合每个物质参与的反应,以便为每个元素的原子数的反应物和生成物是一样的数量。
为了平衡方程,最简单的通常是从出现在只有一个公式两边的原子开始。
最好也是从结构复杂的式子开始。
物质守恒定律规定每个元素的数量并不改变一个化学反应。
因此,两边的化学方程式必须代表相同数量的任何特定元素。
同样,电荷保存在一个化学反应。
因此,相同的电荷必须出现在平衡方程的两边。
One balancesa chemicalequation by changing the scalar numb er for each molecular formula. Simple chemicalequations ca nbe balanced by inspection, that is, by trial and error(通过反复试验).Another technique involves solving a systemof linear equations(线性方程).Example:Na+O2→Na2O (1)对于每个分子公式平衡化学方程是通过改变标量值。
简单的化学方程式可以通过检验得到平衡,也就是说,通过反复试验可以得到平衡。
另一个技术包括求解一个线性方程组(线性方程)。
例如:Na + O2→Na2OIn order (for this equations)to be balanced,here must be anequa lamount of Na on the left hand side as on the right hand side. As it stands now, there is 1 Na on the left but 2 Nas on the right . This is solved by putting a 2 in front ofthe Na on the left hand side :2Na+O2→Na2O (2) 为了(对于这个方程)是平衡的,这里必须等量的Na在左边和右边。
目前,有1 Na在左边但2 Na在右边。
这是解决了通过将2在前面的Na左边:2 Na+ O2→Na2OIn this case there are 2 Na atoms on the left and 2 Na atoms on the right .In the next step the oxygen atoms are balanced as well. On the lefthand side there are2 O atomsand the right hand side only hasone . This is still an unbalancedequation .To fix this a 2 isadded in front of the Na2O on the right hand side .Nowthe equationreads: 2Na+O2→2Na2O (3)在这种情况下,有2 Na原子在左边和右边2 Na原子。