新托福独立写作必背分类话题词汇一、Education教育二、Technology科技三、Media媒体四、Success 成功五、Work 工作六、Government 政府七、Friends 朋友八、Old vs. Y oung九、Transportation 交通十、Environment 环境十一、Money 金钱十二、Leisure 休闲十三、Family 家庭十四、Animals 动物十五、Food 食物十六、Safety安全十七、Health健康十八、Food 食物一、Education教育作业n. assignment（可数)与homework不同选修课n. elective course学分n. credit青少年n. ；青春期的adj. adolescent适应adapt to sth. / become accustomed to sth. 应用v. apply团队精神team spirit独立思考think independently在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding学生的反馈students’ feedback学生评价老师的教学students appraise/ evaluate their teachers’ performance通才n. generalist 专才n. specialist全面发展的adj. well-rounded多才多艺的adj. versatile为社会健康发展做贡献contribute to societal well-being (or welfare)工科n. engineering学科（通称）；纪律n. 管教vt. discipline 互动vt. interact自制力n. self-discipline小（中、大）学教育primary-level (or secondary-level/ tertiary-level ) education职业教育vocational education学校给学生的教育n. schooling学校提供的课程总称n. curriculum ( pl. curricula)心理的adj. psychological参与n. participation熟练掌握……be proficient in榜样role model 同龄人n. peer对孩子/弱者过度保护adj. overprotective家长给小孩的教育n. parenting批判眼光看问题能力critical thinking abilities 有创造力的adj. creative/original表现出色perform well为…打好基础lay a solid foundation for评估n. evaluation对…非常好的掌握n. mastery好奇心n. curiosity精英n. elite应试教育test-oriented education富于想象力的imaginative无知的adj. ignorant 误入歧途go astray 文盲（的）n.&adj. illiterate给人动力的adj. motivating未成年人n. minors 溺爱vt. spoil青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency欺负（n. “喜欢欺负人的孩子”）vt. bully 植物学n. botany 天文学n. astronomy 培养v. cultivate/ foster/ nurture促进学生身心发展promote the student’s physical/mental (or intellectual) and emotional development心理健康psychological soundness/ well-being/ welfare给学生以动力give the students motivation to do sth/ motivate the students to do sth传授知识impart/ inculcate knowledge灌输高尚的道德观instill high moral values 给学生以灵感give the students inspiration 学生对老师所教知识的掌握students’grasp (or command) of what has been taught就业技能employable skills填鸭式教法教学生force-feed the students死记硬背learn things by rote责任感sense of obligation/ duty/ responsibility记忆方程式、公式、定理、定律memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws盲从follow sth. blindly限制创造力的发展extinguish creativity打击学生的积极性dampen the students’enthusiasm/ frustrate the students塑造某人的性格mold one’s character来自其他同学的压力peer pressure逆境n. adverse circumstances/ adversity鼓励学生用辩证的眼光看问题encourage the students to think critically课外活动extra-curricular activities理论知识theoretical knowledge阐明，解释清楚vt. illuminate具体一门课的内容n. syllabus二、Technology科技非常先进的adj. state-of-the-art尖端的adj. cutting-edge彻底变革vt. revolutionize大规模生产mass-production省钱的adj. cost-effective/ economical深刻改变vt. transform突破n. breakthrough打破（传统的）界限break boundaries无限的可能endless possibilities发展v.&n. advance信息过剩information overload信息爆炸information explosion自给自足n. self-sufficiency不可想象的adj. inconceivable/unbelievable 可利用的adj. available耐用的adj. durable常规的adj. conventional加速speed up/ accelerate生产，制造vt. manufacture采用vt. adopt网络银行（业务）online banking生物技术n. biotechnology克隆v. clone太空探索space exploration/ space probe以惊人的速度at a staggering/an amazing rate器官移植organ transplant (transplantation) 卫星satellite信息时代the information age ( or era)互联网的广泛应用the proliferation of the Internet/ the extensive use of the Internet/ the widespread use of the Internet科技创新及发展technological innovations/ inventions/ /progressions三、Media媒体报道n. coverage有新闻价值的adj. newsworthy信息量大的adj. informative娱乐性强的adj. entertaining商品n. commodity隐私n. privacy 记者n. journalists新闻界the press 澄清vt. clarify审查n. censorship 名人n. ( pl.) celebrities 完全与世隔绝entirely cut off from the outside world（媒体）影响（公众意见）vt. sway真人秀reality show 情景喜剧n. sitcom 肥皂剧soap opera 综艺节目variety show 时事current affairs 丑闻n. scandals过多的暴力与色情内容excessive violent and pornographic contents有误导性的adj. misleading/ distorted报道非常详尽的细节report sth. in detail夸大事件exaggerate things/ blow things out of all proportions公正客观的objective and balanced揭露v. expose/ reveal侵犯隐私violate someone’s privacy毁坏某人的名誉tarnish one’s reputation掩盖v. cover up/ gloss over可信的adj. reliable/ trustworthy道德准则code of conduct无处不在的adj. ubiquitous/ prevalent处在公众注意力的焦点in the spotlight传闻n. gossip四、Success 成功决心n. determination 座右铭n. motto名望n. fame 不幸n. misfortune残疾的adj. disabled 对手n. rival在某方面成功succeed in sth.态度n. attitude 毅力n. perseverance 逆境n. adversity/ hardship决定性的，有决断力的adj. decisive身份和地位的象征status symbol战略，行动安排n. strategy不可缺少的，绝对必要的adj. indispensable 长处n. (pl.) strengths弱点n. (pl.) weaknesses五、Work 工作分配vt. assign 冲突v.&n. conflict 尝试n.&v. attempt 谈判n. negotiation 竞争激烈的adj. competitive蓝领n. blue-collar 白领n. white-collar 非常勤奋的adj. industrious令人筋疲力尽的adj. exhausting同事n. colleague 可行的adj. feasible 耗时间的adj. time-consuming牺牲n.&v. sacrifice 工作量n. workload 裁员n. layoff/ downsizing当名词时是“做某事的途径”，当动词时是“靠近”n.&vt. approach (to)招聘vt. recruit 事业n. career激烈的竞争fierce competition有热情的adj. enthusiastic自我表达n. self-expression评价，评估n. assessment/ evaluation不愿意去做某事be reluctant to do sth./ be unwilling to do sth.工作的正式说法n. profession/ occupation很高的专业素养n. expertise经验丰富的adj. experienced白手起家的创业者n. entrepreneur事业心强的adj. enterprising十分投入的adj. devoted工作满意度job satisfaction稳定性n. stability合作vi. collaborate (with)就业技能employable skills人际交往能力interpersonal skills职业前景career prospects加班work overtime奖励，回报n. reward员工福利employee benefits合作n. collaboration六、Government 政府废除（法律、制度等）vt. abolish实施vt. implement使…合法化vt. legalize首要任务n. priority 建立vt. establish减轻、缓解vt. alleviate , ease , relieve当局the authorities禁止vt. forbid/ prohibit立法n. legislation民主的adj. democratic高效率的adj. efficient优化资源分配optimize the distribution of resources严厉的，严格的adj. stringent短视的adj. short-sighted支出，花费n. expenditure社会保险social security规范，管理v. regulate严禁strictly prohibit, ban altogether严格的法律stringent laws/ legislation强制性的，按照法律或者规定必须做的adj. mandatory/ compulsory拨款allocate money to sth./ invest in/ fund预算n. budget政府开支the government spending/ expenditure on sth.把…当作当务之急give priority to sth.国土安全national security/ homeland security 恶性循环 a vicious circle规章制度rules and regulations武器n. arms/ weapons下岗工人laid-off workers/ downsized workers失业n. unemployment/ joblessness基础设施n. infrastructure公共交通系统public transportation/transit system电网power grid 石油天然气管线pipelines 民主与开明的政府 a democratic and progressive government临时的应急措施a stopgap measure七、Friends 朋友察觉到vt. detect 外貌n. appearance 吸引，吸引力n. attraction喜欢社交的adj. sociable 忠实的adj. loyal 志向ambition （ambitious）陪伴n. accompany 相互的adj. mutual真诚的adj. sincere直率的adj. candid/ frank 背叛vt. betray 谦虚的adj. modest两难的困境n. dilemma低估v. underestimate机灵的adj. witty 有智慧的adj. wise 体贴人的adj. considerate/ thoughtful理解他人的，善解人意的adj. understanding 漠然的adj. indifferent (to)孤立的adj. isolated 杰出的adj. prominent （人）老练的，（工具）复杂高端的adj. sophisticated顽强的adj. tough 琐碎的adj. trivial 八、Old vs. Young 老人/年轻人风俗习惯n. custom 尊敬的adj. respectful 很有活力的adj. energetic ≈dynamic有前途的adj. promising保守的adj. conservative老式的adj. old-fashioned过时的adj. outdated 恶化vi. deteriorate 史无前例的adj. unprecedented某事物并不是一成不变的be not carved in stone不实际的adj. impractical/ unrealistic困惑的adj. confused/ bewildered/ puzzled迷失了方向的adj. disoriented成熟n. maturity1~2岁的小朋友n. baby/ infants13~19岁的孩子teens/ teenagers未成年人n. kids/ children十几岁的孩子n. adolescent20/30/40…多岁的人们people in their 20s/ 30s/ 40s …中年人middle-aged people老年人retire people/ pensioners/ the elderly 祖先n. ancestors老龄化社会aging society历史悠久的adj. time-honored永恒的adj. timeless 皱纹n. wrinkle分清是非distinguish right from wrong逝去vt. fade 蹒跚vi. stagger九、Transportation 交通交通堵塞traffic jam= traffic congestion公交public transit蛮不讲理的司机aggressive drivers 不负责任地开车reckless driving酒后驾车drunk driving肇事者n. offender每天经过长距离去上班的人们n. commuter 交通方式modes/ means of transportation交通工具n. vehicle人口爆炸，人口激增population explosion/ population boom行人n. pedestrian罚款vt.&n. fine(penalty)危险的adj. hazardous过度拥挤n. overcrowding撞车n. collision/ car accident人口密度density of population十、Environment 环境污染物n. pollutant尽可能减少,最小化vt. minimize (maximize)倾倒vt. dump 灌溉n. irrigation (irrigate) 居住于……vt. inhabit节约使用v. conserve 保护v. preserve 再利用v. reuse/ recycle短缺n. shortage/ scarcity/ dearth/ lack生态系统the ecosystem有益于环保的adj. eco-friendly环境恶化environmental deterioration当地的居民local resident/ local inhabitants 有毒的adj. poisonous/ toxic无毒的adj. non-toxic免疫系统immune system负面影响adverse effects沙尘暴n. sandstorm砍伐森林n. deforestation国际社会the international community臭氧层ozone layer有环保意识的adj. environmentally-conscious 化学反应chemical reactions替代性能源alternative energy商品包装的总称n. packaging污染vt. contaminate二氧化碳排放carbon dioxide emission(s)汽车尾气exhaust fumes酸雨acid rain 冰川n. glacier排放（污染物）vt. discharge可持续发展sustainable development太阳能solar energy 风能wind energy 核能nuclear energy 水电n. hydropower 烟雾重的adj. smoggy人造的adj. artificial适当的adj. appropriate 开采自然资源exploit natural resources侵蚀vt. erode 辐射n. radiation连锁反应chain reaction化肥chemical fertilizer杀虫剂n. pesticide丰富的，充裕的adj. abundant恶化v. deteriorate生态平衡ecological balance环保主义者n. environmentalists/ conservationists对环境无害的adj. environmentally-friendly 各国必须携手解决环境问题countries on this planet must join forces to combat environmental problems增强公众关于…的意识raise the public awareness of sth.砍伐森林n. deforestation增加农产品产量boost crop yield可再生资源renewable resources消耗v. consume 用尽use up /exhaust严厉的措施n. harsh actions/ measures某地区所有生物总称the wildlife in a region 生物的多样性n. biodiversity污水n. sewage 严重的adj. severe 温室效应greenhouse effectadjust to nature 适应自然atmospheric pollution 大气污染be exhausted 被耗尽cope with 与…竞争，应付domestic sewage家庭污水endangered species濒临灭绝的物种fatal disease致命的疾病natural selection自然选择，物竞天择on the brink of 濒于optimize the environment尽可能改善工作环境put the blame on 归咎于remedial measure补救性措施sewage treatment污水处理soil erosion水土流失take revenge on 报复toxic chemical 有毒化学品waste disposal废物处理十一、Money 金钱珍贵的adj. precious/ valuable毫无价值的adj. worthless不安全感n. insecurity节俭的adj. thrifty/ frugal省钱的adj. economical保持收支平衡make ends meet昂贵的adj. costly精致的，精美的adj. exquisite“高端的”，可以指服务场所，也可以指商品adj. top-end/ high-end低端的adj. low-end不仅是好运，也经常指财富n. fortune富人与穷人the haves and the have-nots诱惑n. temptation财产n. property/ possessions需求n. demand 贪欲n. greed妒忌（形容词jealous）n. jealousy有诱惑力的adj. tempting慷慨n. generosity 捐赠vt. donate慈善事业或者慈善组织n. charity十二、Leisure 休闲短期旅行n. excursion观光n. sightseeing有导游的旅行conducted tour/ guided tour跟团游package tour自助游self-conducted tour/ self-guided tour 异域风情的adj. exotic有益环保的旅游n. ecotourism背包族n. backpacker旅行社travel agency旅游景点tourist attraction/ tourist spot纪念品n. souvenir古代留下来的东西n. relics 城堡n. castle 手工制品n. handicrafts 收藏n. collection 文物n. artifacts 珍惜vt. cherish美术馆，画廊n. gallery开阔某人的眼界expand one’s outlook/ vision 萝卜青菜,各有所爱Different strokes for different folks休闲n. recreation 释放压力release stress 引领潮流的adj. trend-setting游乐场amusement park主题公园theme park从日常琐事中摆脱出来get away from the daily grind提振某人的精神lift one’s spirits精神消沉one’s spirits sink值得回忆的adj. memorable文化遗产cultural heritage民间传说n. folktale少数民族ethnic minorities外观n. exterior 内部n. interior偏见n. prejudice侦探小说detective novel传记n. biography 神话n. mythology乐器instrument 表演n. performance捕捉vt. capture让人放松calm the nerves and restore the soul 动画片n. animation特效special effects展览n. exhibition展览或者展品n. exhibit适度锻炼moderate exercise适度n. moderation健身n. workout有氧运动aerobic exercises血液循环blood circulation灵活性n. flexibility 耐力n. endurance协调，（身体的）协调性n. coordination马拉松n. marathon 田径n. athletics十三、Family 家庭老年人the elderly / senior citizens亲情family bonds/ family ties家庭观念family values增强，加固vt. strengthen/ reinforce配偶n. spouse家里的孩子n. offspring兄弟姐妹n. sibling(s)兄弟姐妹间的互相竞争n. sibling rivalry表兄弟/姐妹n. cousin家务事household chores性格冲突personality clash家庭用品，特别常指家电household appliances代沟generation gap 亲戚one’s relatives 父母和孩子一起住的小家庭nuclear family 一大家子人extended family和谐n. harmony (harmonious)血浓于水Blood is thicker than water.归属感sense of belonging单亲家庭single-parent households虐待v. mistreat家庭暴力domestic violence毒品上瘾addiction to / be addicted to drugs 十四、Animals 动物伙伴n. companions 虐待n.&vt. abuse人类man/ humans/ humankind动物n. creatures 栖息地n. habitat生物多样性n. biodiversity濒危动物endangered species兽皮n. hide 兽毛n. fur制药公司pharmaceutical company生物医学研究biomedical research实验室n. laboratory动物权益保护主义者animal right activists 医学研究medical research残忍的adj. cruel/ merciless/ inhuman/ brutal 减轻动物的痛苦relieve/ alleviate/ ease animals’ pain宠物是主人的伙伴pets are their masters’companions给主人心理安慰afford their masters consolation and comfort偷猎v. poach某一种事物是没有替代物的there are no replacements/ substitutes/ alternatives for sth. 十五、Food 食物味道好的adj. tasty超级好吃的adj. scrumptious['skrʌm(p)ʃəs] 地道的，正宗的adj. authentic[ɔː'θentɪk]多样性n. variety 肥胖症obesity有机的adj. organic 摄入量n. intake ……的摄入过多excessive intake of …冠心病coronary heart disease (CHD)油腻的adj. greasy 糖尿病n. diabetes食品卫生food hygiene奶制品dairy products缺乏运动的生活方式sedentary lifestyle营养不良的adj. malnourished无法治愈的病incurable disease治疗n. treatment therapy有营养的adj. nutritious/ nourishing素食主义者n. vegetarian冷冻食品frozen food罐装食品canned food低热量的low-calorie低脂肪的adj. low-fat钙n. calcium ['kælsɪəm]高纤维n. high in fiber超重的adj. overweight 过敏n. allergy症状n. symptoms 保持健康keep fit原料n. ingredient 饮料n. beverage有益健康的adj. wholesome/ healthy均衡的饮食balanced diet碳水化合物n. carbohydrate微量元素trace elements十六、Safety安全be within the law合法bring into effect使实现，实施carry into execution/put in practice实行，实施economic loss经济损失eliminate crime消灭犯罪environmental protection环境保护legitimate right合法权利leisure pursuit闲暇爱好self-defense自卫suicide rate自杀率self-protection自我保护十七、Health健康acute disease急性病chronic disease 慢性病adhere to 坚持不懈build a sound body 强身健体character building 品格培养chemical substance 化学物质ease the strain 减轻压力engage in 参加，从事outlook in life 人生观persevere in 坚持physical condition 身体状况physical exercise 体育运动physical-fitness program 健身计划the average life expectancy 平均寿命十八、Food 食物cancerous tumor 癌症heart attack 心脏病high blood pressure 高血压get addicted to 上瘾appeal to 吸引，呼吁，要求balanced meal 均衡的饮食be physically damaging 有害健康的be stuffed 饮食过渡chain store 连锁商店convenience food方便食品digestive system 消化系统eating pattern 饮食模式enjoy great popularity 大受欢迎excessive fat 过量的脂肪fatty and fried food 肥腻和油炸的食物go short of 缺乏energy-dense food 高能量食物high-nutrition food 高营养食品high-quality food 高质量的食物hyper-calorie meal 高热量的膳食improper eating habit 不良饮食习惯inferior animal低级动物superior animal高级动物intake of excess calories摄入过多的热量inviting and appetizing美味可口的life cycle生命周期meet special nutrient needs 满足特殊的营养需要morally wrong 不合道义的nutrient deficiency营养缺乏nutrition value 营养价值offer more choices and tastes提供更多的选择何口味optimal human functioning最佳的人体机能processed and fast food 加工过的快餐食品protein intake蛋白质摄入量the philosophy of Chinese food中国饮食文化vitamin and mineral supplements维生素和矿物质补充。