2000年5月第五篇Questions 41-50According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, Line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, althoughsupport to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other groupmembers. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to(25) suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote(30) distant respect.题目解析：41. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The problems faced by leaders(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups(C) How social groups determine who will lead them(D) The role of leaders in social groups解析：本文第1段和第2段讲了一个团体中领导的产生，第3段和第4段着重阐述了领导的角色，即功用型领导和亲和型领导。
因此正确选项为D。
42. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT(A) recruitment(B) formal election process(C) specific leadership training(D) traditional cultural patterns解析：文中第2行”In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership…”，说明 traditional cultural patterns 是 people become leaders 的一种方式，第3行”In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.” 说明 formal election process和 recruitment 是people become leaders 的方式，因此，ABD三个选项都在原文中被提及了，正确选项为C。
43. In mentioning “natural leaders” in lines 8-9, the author is making the point that(A) few people qualify as “natural leaders”(B) there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist(C) “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the members of a social group(D) “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics解析：文中第7行至第9行…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.”这句话的意思是说数十年的研究却没有揭示出存在任何一类“天然领导者”的可靠证据。
因此正确选项为B。
44. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?(A) person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.(C) A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.解析：文中第9行至第11行”It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common” 意思是说看来并不存在一个所有的领导者共有的个人品质的集合，即某一群体的好领导不一定是另一个群体的好领导。
因此正确选项为A。
45. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on(A) ensuring harmonious relationships(B) sharing responsibility with group members(C) identifying new leaders(D) achieving a goal解析：文中第14行至第15行”Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.” 功用型领导是一种强调完成某社会群体任务的领导力。
文中第23行至第24行”They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals.” 意思是他们主要下达命令并且约束那些妨碍群体目标达成的成员。
因此可以得出功用型的领导主要关注目标的达成。
正确选项为D。
46. The word “collective” in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) necessary(B) typical(C) group(D) particular解析：collective在句中应该表示名词的含义，从文中第17行原句中最后的group member 可知，collective在此表示group的含义。
47. The word “them” in line 19 refers to(A) expressive leaders(B) goals of the group(C) group members(D) tension and conflict解析：从文中第19行的them回溯前文，文中提到了group member，是说亲和型的领导对成员提供情感支持并将他们之间的紧张和冲突最小化，不难看出这里的“他们”是指团队的成员。
因此正确选项为C。
48. A “secondary relationship” mentioned in line 22 between a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as(A) distant(B) enthusiastic(C) unreliable(D) personal解析：文中讲述了功用型领导和团队成员之间的感情联系比较薄弱，主要关注的的是任务的完成，领导和成员之间的关系是有距离的。
因此正确选项为A。
49.The word “resolve” in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) avoid repeating(B) talk about(C) avoid thinking about(D) find a solution for解析：文中第27行至第28行”try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group”，意思是亲和型的领导会尽力解决可能导致群体分裂的问题，在这里resolve表示解决的意思，因此正确选项为D。
50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of(A) examples that illustrate a problem(B) cause and effect analysis(C) narration of events(D) comparison and contrast解析：文中第3段和第4段讲述了功用型领导和亲和型领导在和团队成员关系方面、关注重心、工作方式等方面的特点和差异。