过去完成时1•概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2•时间状语：recently, lately, since …for …，in the past few years, etc.3. 基本结构：have/has + done4. 否定形式：have/has + not +do ne.5. —般疑问句：have或has提前概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即"过去的过去(past-in-the-past )"。

—I -------------------------- | ------------------------------ 1 -------------------------- >那时以前那时现在构成：过去完成时由”助动词had +过去分词”构成，其中had通用于各种人称。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10 : 00 this morning.二、过去完成时的判断依据1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。

与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：(1 ) by +过去的时间点。

女口：I had fini shed readi ng the no vel by nine o'clock last ni ght.(2 ) by the end of +过去的时间点。

女口：We had lear ned over two thousa nd En glish words by the end of last term.(3 ) before +过去的时间点。

女口：They had pla nted six hun dred trees before last Wedn esday.2. 由"过去的过去”来判定。

过去完成时表示"过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。

这种用法常出现在：(1 )宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。

在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

如：She said that she had see n the film before.(2 )状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。

如：When I got to the statio n, the train had already left.After he had fini shed his homework, he went to bed.注意：before, after引导的时间状语从句中，由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。

如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.三、过去完成时的主要用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在"过去的过去"。

如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。

(主句的动作发生在”过去的过去"）2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是"过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。

如：He told me that he had written a new book. （had written 发生在told 之前）3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。

此时多与already ，yet ，still ，just ，before ，never 等时间副词及by ，before ，until等引导的短语或从句连用。

女口：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more tha n 300 Chin ese stamps by the time he was ten.4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。

女口：By theend of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（hadworked已有了20年，还有继续进行下去的可能）四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为”助动词have （has） +过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调”过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。

试比较：I have lear ned 1000 En glish words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。

I had learned 1000 En glish words till the n.到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。

-I'm sorry to keep you wait ing. 对不起，让你久等了。

-Oh, not at all. I have bee n here only a few minu tes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。

（"等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）-Joh n returned home yesterday.约翰昨天回至U家的。

-Where had he bee n?他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在returned home之前去了哪些地方，即"过去的过去"）五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。

试比较：They had arrived at the stati on by ten yesterday.They arrived at the statio n at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。

如：She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won thefirst in the compositi on competiti on.3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在before , after , as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。

如：He en tered the room, tur ned on the light and read an evening paperI （had） called her before I left the office.过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算，mean, expect, intend, suppose 等：I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事就没有来。

I had inten ded to speak, but time did n ot permit.我本想发言，但时间不允许。

We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you did n 我们本想你来看我们的，但你没有来。

过去完成时练习题1. 单项选择1. He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.A. where I had bee nB. where I had goneC. where had I bee nD. where had I gone2. What ___ Jane ___ by the time he was sever?A. did, doB. has, done C did, did.3. I _____ 900 English words by the time I was ten 。

A. learnedB. was lear ningC. had lear ned4. She ____ lived here for ______ y ears.A. had, a fewB. has, severalC. had, a lot of5. By the time my pare nts reached home yesterday, I ____ t he dinner already.6. She said she _________ the prin ciple alreadyA .has see n B. saw C. will see7. She said her family ______ t hemselves ______ t he army duri ng the war.A. has hidde n, fromB. had hidde n, fromC. has hidde n, withD. had hidde n, with8. By the time he was ten years old, he ________ .A. has completed uni versityB. has completed the uni versityB. had completed an uni versity D. had completed uni versity9. She had writte n a nu mber of books ____ the end of last year.A. forB. inC. byD. at10. He ____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.A had lear ned, pia no B. had lear ned, the pia noC. has lear ned, the pia noD. lear ns ,pia no.11. What ______ Annie _____ b y the time he was ten?A. did, doB. did, didC. has, doneD. had done12 .He __ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.A. has workedB. worksC. had workedD. will work13. By the end of last week, they __A. has completedB. completed14. Ben hates play ing ____ violi n,A. a …theB. the …the15. By the time he was 4, he ______A. had lear nedB. has lear ned the bridge.C. will completeD. hadcompletedbut he likes play ing football.C. / …theD. the …/a lot of Germa n words.C. lear nedD. lear ns通常连用的动词是want, think, hope, plan,D.had, doneD. learntD. has, a great deal ofA had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cookedD. had see n16 .Jim turned off the lights and the n ___ the classroom. A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left 17. They _______ in Gua ngzhou since 2000. A. lived B. had lived C. have lived 18. The train from Beijing _____ ten mi nu tes ago. A. has arrivedB. was arrivi ngC. arrivedtheir classroom whe n the visitors arrived. A . have clea ned B. had clea ned C. was clea ned 20. Fergie ______ the project in one hour. A. have fini shed B. will finish C. fini shes 21. The man ______ his coat and went out. A. put on B. had put on C. will put on 22 My mother ____ in that factory atthe age of 18.A. had workedB. has workedC.worked23. Dad ________ while he ______TV . A .fell asleep…watchB. was falli ng asleep …watchedC. fell asleep ......... w as watch ingD. had falle n asleep …watched2. 用动词的适当形式填空1. We____________ (pai nt) the house before we _____________ (move) in.2. That rich old man ____________(make) a will before he _____________ (die).3. They ____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).4. The robbers____________ (run away ) before the policeme n ______ (arrive).5. I _________ (tur n off) all the lights before I ___________ (go) to bed.6. Paul _________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.7. Tom _________ (say) he __________ (read) the book twice.8. Our pla n ___________ (fail ) because we ____________ (make) a bad mistake. 9. When the chairma n ____________ (fini sh) speak ing, he ____________ (leave)the hall. 10. The Reads _______ (have) lunch whe n I _________________ (get) to their house.11. Whe n I ___________ (arrive) at the stati on, he ___________________ (leave). 12..We _______________ (learn) about 4000 En glish words by the end of last term. 13. I waited un til he _____________ (fini sh) his homework. 14. We were surprised at what she _______ already _____ (do)15.She ___________ (not go) to Qin gdao because she _______________ (go) there before. 16. He _____________ (not tell) you the n ews yet.17. He said he ____________ already ________ (give) the book to the teacher. 18. I _____________ (be) to Shan ghai before.19. She told me she ________________ (be) to Sanya three times.20.She _____________ (play) the guitar while her sister ______________ (sin g).D. were livi ng D. had arrived 19. The stude nts D. have bee n clea nedD. has fini shed D. was putt ing on D. works。