11护本英语期末复习题Passage OneThe United Nations health agency sought to restrain fears of bird flu, which is striking large numbers of people. “I think it’s very important at this stage that we remain calm about worst-case scenarios (情况),” said Mike Ryan, head of the global epidemic response network at the World Health Organization “What we’re dealing with at the moment is a small number of cases associated with exposure to poultry (家禽).”Health officials say the strain of bird flu striking China’s Taiwan a nd Pakistan is milder and is not considered a serious threat to humans. Cases in humans have been reported only in Vietnam and Thailand. “What we’re saying is that we’re not dealing with an imminent threat to public health, but we are dealing with a potential threat to public health,” Ryan said. Health officials say destroying infected birds, if safely carried out, is the best way to control the disease, but the mass slaughter and import bans have harmed Asia’s poultry industry.WHO officials have said people who eat poultry are not at risk from bird flu but that import restrictions on live birds are needed to stop the spread of the disease among farm flocks. WHO also is ready to hunt for a bird flu vaccine (疫苗). Ryan said prototypes developed by the agency will shortly be supplied to pharmaceutical companies so they can begin research on a useable vaccine, which experts expect to be ready within months.Passage TwoNot everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing your own psychological space needs is important because they strongly affect your choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were brought up in a two-child family, and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will offer separate bedrooms for them. In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in a bed near them.The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to each other and the size of their house has nothing to do with it.Others have separate little corners where family members can be alone there.Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they sometimes have to be changed a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.Passage ThreeLincoln’s now fa mous Gettysburg Address (葛底斯堡演说) was not, on the occasion of its delivery, recognized as the masterpiece that it is today. Lincoln was not even the primary speaker at the ceremonies, held at the height of the Civil War in 1863, to dedicate the battlefield at the Gettysburg. The main speaker was orator (演学家) Edward Everest, whose two-hour speech was followed by Lincoln’s shorter remarks. Lincoln began his small portion of the program with the words that today are immediately recognized bymost Americans: “Fo ur score and seven years ago our father brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. “ At the time of the speech, little notice was given to what Lincoln had said, and Lincoln considered his appearance at the ceremonies rather unsuccessful. After his speech appeared in print, appreciation for his words began to grow, and today it is recognized as one of the all-time greatest speeches.Passage FourMuch of the world’s coff ee is grown in Brazil. Not long ago an unseasonal frost swept through coffee plantations there. The result affected people in many countries for a long time to come.At first, reports of extensive damage were received. These led to a sharp rise in the price of coffee, which had hitherto not been a highly profitable crop. Growers in other countries made extra efforts to increase their exports to profit from the expected shortage. However, they are hampered by smugglers who wished to avoid government controls. The price of coffee fell slightly.Then large restaurant and hotel chains began to buy coffee to build up stocks for future use. The price rose dramatically, and public resistance developed. Housewives organized a boycott of coffee. This led to a rise in the price of tea and a fall in the price of coffee. Much to the dismay of growers, the price fell sharply. Their response was rather surprising. Instead of selling their stocks of coffee, they began to buy on the open market. Their motive was clear. They wanted to force the price of coffee up, and one way of doing this was to reduce the amount of coffee available for sale to the pubic.Luckily for coffee-drinkers, this move failed. Restaurants and hotels stopped buying coffee. Large numbers of small growers had to sell their crops to keep alive. The large growers found that they were buying more coffee than they were growing. They abandoned their efforts and let the normal law of supply and demand decide the price. Meanwhile, millions of people had changed to cheaper drinks and declined to switch back to coffee.Passage FiveStress may be defined as the response of the body to any demand. Whenever people experience something pleasant or unpleasant, we say they are under stress. We call the pl easant kind “eustress”, the unpleasant kind “distress”.People sometimes compare our life with that of the caveman, who didn’t have to worry about the stock market or the atomic bomb. They forget that the caveman worried about being eaten by a bear or about dying of hunger -- things that few people worry about today. It’s not that people suffer more stress today; it’s just that they think they do.It is inconceivable that anyone should have no stress at all. Most people who are ambitious and want to accomplish something live on stress. They need it. But excessive stress is by all means harmful. Worse, chronic (长期的) exposure to stress over a long time may cause more serious diseases and may actually shorten your life.The most frequent causes of distress in man are psychological lack of adaptability, not having a code of behavior. So the secret of coping with stress is not to avoid it but to do what you like to do and what you were made to do, at your own rate. For most people, it is really a matter of learning how to behave in various situations. The most important thing is to have a code of life, to know how to live.Passage SixFew women really think they’re beautiful ― or beautiful enough. For example, a married woman might gaze at pictures of her wedding, when she was a thin young woman in love with her husband. Now when she looks in the mirror, she sees an over-weight mother of two. Her clothes are actually only one size larger than they were on her wedding day six years earlier, but she sees herself as fat.Despite decades of feminism, women get the message that it still pays to be beautiful, just as in the days of fairy tales. With all the pressure to be young and attractive, even the most beautiful women can feel that they come up short, and go to pieces when they gain a few pounds or notice a few wrinkles.It can be difficult for a man to understand why a woman doesn’t think she’s pretty when she looks perfectly fine to him. But telling her she’s beautiful in some vague way doesn’t help. She needs a specific compliment ― “I like that haircut” or “You look great in red.” By focusing on the details, a man demonstrates that he is paying attention, really loo king at her, and this is the kind of comment that can boost a woman’s self-esteem. American’s latest strategy (对策) for single persons who don’t want to be single any longer has many names: speed dating, express date, 10-minute dating or simply mini date.Passage SevenThe principle (原则) is the same: Why spend an •46• evening with a stranger •47• you realize after only the first few minutes that you can’t •48• the person?The solution (解决办法): The man and woman sit down •49• each other. A bell is sounded, and in the next seven to ten minutes each one tries to find out as much as possible about the •50• person. When the bell •51• off a second time, the men stands up and move •52• to the next female.At such a meeting in San Francisco •53•, some 200 men and women between the ages of 30 and 60 had a •54• expression on their faces, in two long •55• opposite each other. The signal was given, and then almost everybody started •56• away.Richard Gosse, •57• of “American Singles,” says this is the fast est, most effective and at the moment “•58•” way to search for a partner. Minute dates have become a •59• everywhere from computer fans in Silicon Valley to gays in San Francisco to the suburbs of Chicago. Gosse says the quick method to get to know each other is helpful above all for •60• singles that are not brave enough to speak to a stranger in a bar.His •61•: Don’t talk about money, your weight or about your former partner, but •62• about your dreams, desires and hobbies.Most speed dating meetings cost about U.S. $25 per evening, •63• a person to get to know 15 to 20 people •64• the opposite sex. Speed dating is so much in demand in America that most meetings are •65• out weeks and months in advance.Passage EightWe have spoken of marriage as a formal contract. It should be noted, however, that this contract does not •66• the same form in different societies. In Western societies, the •67• of a man and a woman •68• given the status of legal marriage by being registered by an official •69• by the state. In some African socities, •70•, marriage has nothing to do •71• an official registration of this kind but is legalized by the formal •72• of goods. Generally, •73• is the bridegroom who is required to make a •74• of goods to the bride’s kin （亲戚）, though sometimes a payment is •75• made by the bridegroom’s kin to that of the bride. For •76• living in Southern Sudan, the payment made to the bride’s kin, •77• as bride-wealth, is in the •78• of cattle. Once the •79• of bride-wealth is agreed •80•, and the formal payment is made, the marriage becomes a •81• union and the offsprings of the union become the acceptable •82• of the husband. They remain •83• children even •84• the wife subsequently leaves him to live with •85• man.。