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英语合同的特点和翻译

英语合同的特点与翻译

一.用词特点与翻译要点

合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性1.要求选词专业化(professional), 正式(formal). 准确(accurate). 具体体现在下列方面:

1.may, shall, must, may not (或shall not) 的使用

may旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候),must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not(或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do 或must not,但may do 不能。

2.用语正式(formal)

合同英语有着严肃的风格,如“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”, 远远多于”due to”一般不用“because of”; ”财务年度末“一般用”at the close of the fiscal year”, 而不用” in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”, 而不用”before”; “关于“常用”as regards”, “concerning’或”relating to”, 而不会用”about”; “事实上”用”in effect”, 而不用”in fact”: “开始“用”commencement”, 而不用”start”或”begin”; “停止做”用”cease to do”, 而不用”stop to do”; 何时开会并由某某主持“的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中”召开“不用”hold 或call”, 而用”convene”; “主持’不用”chair”或” be in charge of “而用” preside”; “其他事项”用”miscellaneous”, 而不用” other matters/events”; “理解合同“用”construe a contract”或”comprehend a contract”或”comprehend a contract”, 而不用”understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”, 用”consider”少,不用”think”或”believe”. 3,用词专业(technical)

合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的”瑕疵”,”救济“,“不可抗力”,“管辖”,“毁损”,“失业”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect ,remedy,force马绝热,jurisdiction,damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of, hereby, 用”compensation”; “不动产转让“用”conveyance”, 而不用”transfer of real estate”; “房屋出租”用”tendency”, 而“财产出租”用”lease of property”; “停止”用”wind up a business”或”cease (名词是cessation)a business”, 而不用”end/stop a business”; “依照合同相关规定“或一般说”pursuant to provisions contained herein”或”as provided herein”等,不说’according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。

4,同义词,近义词,相关词的并列使用

英文合同出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,“made and entered into”, “by and between”, “for and in consideration of”, “covenants and agreements”, “on the terms and subject to the conditions”“terms and conditions””release and discharge”

5, 古英语与外来词的应用(borrowing words)

使用古英语最为突出的是较多使用here, there, where 加后缀in, by after, from等介词构成的词。在法律文件中用这些词,可以避免重复,避免歧义,使行文准确,简洁。常用例词如下:hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter, thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith, whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc.

合同中也会使用一些外来词汇,常用的有拉丁语和法语词汇。如比例税率:用pro rate tax rate 要比proportional tax rate 多;从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer, 不经常用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance, 委托代理人多用agent ad litem

二,句法特点与翻译要点

商务合同的句法具有结构严谨、句式较长的特点。句子的状语(从句)和定语(从句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明显,对主句意义进行解释、限制或补充。多用陈述句、多用现在时、多用被动语态、多用名词性结构等。

1、长句及其翻译

分析合同长句的基本方法是:首先,找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语。其次,找出句

子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词,然后在分析从句和

短句的功能,即:是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。

(1)The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.

这是一个简单长句,其主干为The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。修饰谓语动词的状语有三个,分别表示时间(within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)、方式(being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor)和原因(for short-weight)。诸多状语尽管在原文中位置灵活,然而在译文里,需按照汉语的行文规范适当进行调整:方式状语一般应置于动词之前;其他状语可以灵活处理,如本句中的时间状语可以提前至句首。

译:货物抵达目的港15天内,买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。

(2)If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall be indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.

本句的主干是it shall be indemnify and keep indemnified…against…the other Party and the company。If引导的是条件从句,条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语(given by it in Articles

18.1 or repeated in 18.2)。in addition to 引导的是增补成分,其核心词remedies也跟了

后置定语(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws)。That 引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。基于以上分析,再结合汉语的行文习惯(条件在前,结构在后以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前)

译:如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所作的陈述及担保或重述,则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外,违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损伤、损坏、费用、开支、责任或赔偿。

(3)The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the cause of loading or transit.

上句中信息的重心在句首,先表明卖方的免费事项,接着再规定由于什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责,后对不可抗力又做了限定。按照汉语的思维习惯,往往先谈原因,再谈结论,因此采用颠倒顺序的译法更合理。

译:凡在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不付责任。

2、条件句及翻译

商务合同主要约定合同各方应享有的权利和应履行的义务,但由于这种权力的行使和义

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