英语独立主格结构说明一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语)，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的用法它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句(1)作时间状语The work don e(二After the work had bee n done) , we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。
(2) 作条件状语Weather permitt ing( = If weather permits) , they willgo on an out ing to the beach tomorrow. 女口果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
(3) 作原因状语An importa nt lecture to be give n tomorrow(二As an importa nt lecture will be give n tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
(4) 作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed un der his head(二a nd his hands were crossed un der his head). 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
(5) 表补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his facewas red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式独立主格结构(the absolute structure )是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结(1)作时间状语构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
例如:1) Night enshrouding the earth , nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distanee .(黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
)2) He lay at full length upon his stomach ，his head resting upon his left forearm .(他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
)3) The coward was baeking , his face being deathly pale, toward another room .(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。
)独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。
例如，上述例句可变为：1) Because ni ght en shrouded the earth , no body could make out what the dark mass was from a distance .2) He lay at full length upon his stomach . His head rested upon his left forearm .3) The coward was backing toward another room . His face was deathly pale .二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词/代词+分词（短语）外, 还有如下特殊构成形式。
1.名词+介词短语1）The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist ，a bunch of flowers in his hands ．（广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。
）2）Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house，a vast load of firewood on her back ．（每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
）2．名词＋形容词（短语）1）The Trojans asleep，the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
）2）The wretched boy，who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks ，is now sweeping away the snow，his hands numb with cold .（那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。
）3.名词＋副词1）This little excitement over ，noth- ing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion .（一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。
）2）This intermezzo over，he found himself surrounded by several stunning ，porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos .（这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。
）此外，with 常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。
这种用法中的with 不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。
请看例句：1）With a revolver in his right hand ，Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash ．（约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。
）2）The traffic inched along ，with hornshonking ．（汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。
）三、独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
1．作时间状语1）My shoes removed ，I entered a low-ceilinged room ，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting .= After my shoes were removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room ，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting ．（我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
）2）The governor pondering the matter ，more strikers gathered across his path . = While the governor was pondering the matter , more strikers gathered across his path ．（总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
）2．作条件状语1）Weather permitting ，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow .= If weather permits , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow ．（如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
）2）Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him . = Ifsuch is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him .（如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。
）3．作原因状语1）The storm drawing near , the navvy decided to call it a day . = Since the storm was drawing near , the navvy decided to call it a day .（由于暴风雨即将来临,那个挖土小工决定收工。
）2）The Cossack being intent on his stalking , his foot touched the protrud ing bough that was the trigger . = Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking , his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger ．（这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着, 所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝,那是一个机关的起动装置。
）4．作伴随状语1 ）I took my ticket , and marched proudly up the platform , with my cheeses the people falling back respectfully on either side . = I took my ticket , and marched proudly up the plat- form , with my cheeses, and the people fell back respectfully on either side .（我拿着车票还有我的奶酪, 雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。