第一讲名词和冠词命题者说：名词的考查主要包括名词的辨析、单复数、名词的固定搭配、名词的格、名词在特殊语境中的应用、名词的熟词生义等。
名词词义辨析(Ⅰ) 示之以范1．(2019·江苏卷)Nowadays the ________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A．priority B．Potential C．proportion D．pension2．(2018·江苏卷)Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the ________ you’ve made.A．assignment B．association C．acquisition D．assumptionⅡ通关点击名词词义辨析主要考查考生对基本词汇的掌握程度和名词在具体语境中的运用。
常见考查形式有：异义词辨析、同义词辨析和近义词辨析。
在做题时，先弄清题中每个名词的意义及用法，然后根据语境选择符合句意的名词。
常考的几组名词辨析有：1．cause，reason，excuse2．award，reward，prize3．sight，view，scene，scenery4．anger，rudeness，regret，panic5．condition，situation，state，position6．reputation，influence，impression，attention7．expectation，reputation，contribution，civilization8．accommodation，occupation，adaptation，appreciation在高考词义辨析题中，有一种“熟词生义”题型，即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的，但所考查的含义却是不常见的。
这就要求考生在掌握单词基本词义的基础上，善于结合不同的语境去体会、感悟单词的含义。
常用名词的熟义和生义名词熟义生义failure 失败；故障衰弱，减退performance 表演，演出表现；成绩strength 体力，力量优势，长处point 点；要点；地点意义honor 荣誉；信用尊重form 形式表格cause 原因事业practice 实践；练习惯例，常规做法knowledge 知识知道，了解Ⅲ变式训练1．(天津卷)The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight ________ of rain later tonight.A．effect B．sense C．change D．chance2．(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)Widespread ________ about the worsening of environment caused by abandoned plastics has led Collins to name “singleuse”as its Englishlanguage Word of the Year.A．doubt B．concern C．complaint D．confusion名词的搭配1．(2019·天津卷)We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ________ on our lives in many ways.A．statement B．impact C．impression D．judgment2．(江苏卷)Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does pushups too to stay ________．A．in place B．in order C．in shape D．in fashion高考考查名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“介词＋名词”和“动词＋名词”。
常考的名词短语：(1)out of one’s reach在某人够不到的地方beyond recognition 无法辨认in great demand 需求量很大in progress 在进行中out of question 不成问题；无疑of great value(＝very valuable) 非常有价值的(2)have/gain access to 可以获得gain/have an advantage over 胜过，优于take advantage of 利用，趁……之机pay attention to 注意make the best of 充分利用，妥善处理find fault with 挑……的错；吹毛求疵keep pace with 与……同步put an end to 结束……take notice of 注意到take...into account 考虑……catch sight of 看见have a good reputation 有个好名声make a difference 有影响；有关系下列固定搭配中名词用复数形式：make preparations for为……做准备；take pains to do 尽力，刻苦；make (both) ends meet使收支相抵；take turns to do轮流；be in high spirits兴致勃勃；make repairs修理；burst into tears放声大哭；in all directions向四面八方。
1．(浙江卷)Most people work because it’s unavoidable.________，there are some people who actually enjoy work.A．As a result B．In addition C．By contrast D．In conclusion 2．(湖北卷)When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his ________ and had a bad fall.A．balance B．chance C．memory D．place抽象名词具体化(山东卷)Being able to afford _____drink would be ________comfort in those tough times.A．the；the B．a；a C．a；不填D．不填；a抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等的名词，通常不与不定冠词连用。
但是，当这些抽象名词表示具体概念时，前面可加不定冠词，用来表示具体的人或物。
常译为“一次……的事；一个……的人；一种……东西”。
常见的此类名词：单词抽象名词具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事pleasure 乐趣令人高兴的事attraction 吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty 美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort 安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger 危险危险的人或因素delight 高兴令人高兴的事failure 失败失败的人或事surprise 惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock 震惊令人震惊的事情experience 经验经历Ⅲ变式训练 ____________________________________________原则这样提升1．We need an effective strategy to help children living in________ poverty to have the opportunity to receive________good education.A．the；/B．the；a C．/；/ D．/；a2．(2019·南京十校模拟)Life for________disabled in Uganda is difficult，but for children it can be ________ shock that can never be overcome.A．a；the B．不填；a C．a；不填D．the；a不定冠词的用法1．(2017·浙江卷6月)For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.2．(全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for a while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.1．在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。
a university, a useful animal, a one-eyed dog, a European car, an hour, an honest boy, an X-ray, an ugly man, an honor等。
I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier.作为一名超市收银员我每小时挣10美元。
2．不定冠词a/an放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物。
They found an apartment in America. They were there for only a month.他们在美国找到一个公寓，在那里待了仅仅一个月。
3．表示泛指。
说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
At that time, I was working in a factory. The factory produces car parts.那时，我在一家工厂工作。
那家工厂生产各种汽车部件。
4．表示量指。
不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。
As the old saying goes, “Rome was not built in a day.”常言道，冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
5．“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一，再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常，很”。
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(获得金牌的)机会。