西方文明史心得体会篇一：我眼中的西方文明史(西方文明史论文)西方文明史期末作业Written by XHNWestern civilization in my eyesAfter learning this lesson for one term，I know a lot about western in many fields such as mythology、philosophy、festival and communication. How can I describe the western civilization? I think it’s one part full of amazing、wisdom、freedom and convert during the synchronous development of the western world.We have learnt several mythologies and I find that the “god” in western mythology is not a serious image, opposite, ZeuS, gods’leader, always does manyself-willed things which sounds uncomfortable. Just because of it, the “god” makes people feel real and vivid. Not as our country, western people may prefer to believe gods is more similar to normal people, I think, at the least in emotion part.How about philosophy? We also know many philosopher from our country like Lao Tz and Chuang Tse, they usually spread their idea by teach others and write some book. But in ancient Greece, there are three famous philosopher called Socrates、Plato and Aristotle. They prefer to communicate with others than teach others what they think about. I think if we defined that Chinese philosophy likes teaching, then, western philosophy may likes debating. I should admit that the academic atmosphere in that time in western was good, I still remember there are a paint named “the school of Athens”, painted by Raphael, describe how crowd during the school, it reflect that at that time there are many people have huge thirst of knowledge, they have some topic such as “what made the world”、“what’s the resource of the world”……In a word, the philosophy in western civilization usually make meassociate freedom and holy, it’s one thing that you are willing to devote your whole life to learn.There is one well known book called “the Bible”, many festivals are come into being from this book, like Christmas and Easter Day, two festival which used to commemorate the born and revive of Jesus. Different from our country, most of the western festival is closely related with religion, we can see that the belief is too important for western people.As for communicate, I think it’s more affected by political system, freedom and open atmosphere full of the whole western world so that people can express personal opinion without any hesitate. I think it’s a good society custom and will do well for one country’s development.In my eyes, the western civilization is one thing that we would appreciate rather than study it. The civilization show us a glorious thing which created by human, we should know not only our country have broad and profound culture, but also the western world have, so we should learn from each other in mutual emulation.篇二：西方文明史讲解要点1Part I The Ancient Near EastChapter 1 The Origins of Western Civilizations 第一章主要介绍两个东西，一是新石器时代的革命性变化及其对文明产生的重大意义，二是前两千年之前的两个古老文明：苏美尔（包扩其继承者阿卡德和旧巴比伦文明）和埃及文明。
在这个时期，这两个区域文明之间联系不多；在整个近东地区，虽有征战，但却没有大规模的帝国主义。
时间表：400万年前人类出现200万年前使用工具的人类出现40,000 Upper Paleolithic Age，岩洞壁画出现11,000 Paleolithic 与Neolithic的分界，“冰河时代”结束。
.8500 定居农业社会的出现6500-3000 出现村庄3300-2500 出现书写3100 出现城市1 石器时代人们采集和狩猎。
没有携带积累起来的财富的手段，贫富和等级差别也许不存在，也许亦无明显的社会分工。
2 新石器时代的革命从公元前11,0000年开始的巨大变化：生产食物，半定居与定居的生活，短途与长途贸易，由此带来更稳定、更复杂的社会，社会分工复杂化，出现了地位与阶级的差别，最终产生了城市。
具体来说，冰河时代结束。
在富饶的新月地带（the Fertile Crescent）动物北移，猎物减少；气候变化，有利于野谷物的生长，人类又发明了存储的方法并开始播种，从而实现了生产食物（managed food production）。
村庄出现，两个考古典型：Jericho和Catal Hüyük。
农产品的剩余推动了社会分工：贸易，手工业，统治阶级，战争。
3 美索不达米亚文明的发展Ubaid Culture：其特征是灌溉系统和神庙Urbanism in the Uruk Period (4300-2900) ：城市国家（以Uruk最为著名）的出现标志着文明的开端。
在Uruk 城寺庙愈发扮演着重要的角色。
The Development of Writing4 苏美尔人进入历史：苏美尔文化包括若干象Uruk这样的城市国家，这些国家有共同的文化、宗教与语言。
彼此征战。
神庙的祭司阶层居于社会的顶端，控制着经济生活（神庙拥有土地、工厂并把持贸易）。
The Early Dynastic Period Begins (2900-2500 ):在这一阶段由于战争频繁，战争领袖（lugal）开始获得很大的权力，向国王转化。
史诗Gilgamesh反映的便是这一段历史。
苏美尔人的地理环境令他们对自然心怀恐惧和敌意，他们的宗教也反映出了对神的畏惧与不信任。
他们的世界观和生活观是悲观主义的。
史诗Gilgamesh亦反映了以上这些态度。
3000 青铜时代开始。
苏美尔人开始制造青铜器。
苏美尔是数学、历法、建筑、技术的好手。
他们与周边地区的贸易则把他们的文明带到整个近东地区。
The End of the Early Danystic Period (2500-2350 )：这一时期因为争夺资源和贸易路线战争加剧。
祭司阶层和军事贵族开始联合为一个统治阶层。
The Akkadian Empire (2350-2160 )：阿卡德人萨尔贡（Sargon）征服苏美尔和美索不达米亚其他地区，建立帝国统治。
阿卡德人与苏美尔人语言不通，但文化极相似。
The Dynasty of Ur (2100-XX )：苏美尔人的王朝，以阿卡德-苏美尔帝国的模式进行统治。
但XX 之后的1500年中，美索不达米亚是闪米特人的天下，其中最著名的是阿卡德人（Akaddians）、亚摩利人（Amorites）和亚述人（Assyrians）。
Dynasty of Ur III的时代之后便是各个亚摩利人王国的混战。
直到200年后亚摩利人汗谟拉比（Hammurabi）建立新的帝国统治。
5 旧巴比伦帝国汗谟拉比（1792年成巴比伦王）的时代美索不达米亚达到了前所未有的一体化，其统治方式成为后代国王统治的样板：尤其是其宗教帝国主义和法律。